Individual sociability and choosiness between shoal types

Abstract

In social species, individual and group fitness and social dynamics in groups often depend on group size and on the group's social composition (e.g. the mix of personality types within groups). In turn, the size and social composition of groups is an emergent outcome of the grouping tendencies of individuals. While grouping behaviour has often been studied at a species level, within-species variation in grouping tendency has rarely been studied. We examined the role of personality type in shoaling preferences in a social fish, the western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis. After scoring individuals for their social personality types (sociability), we gave individuals the choice to associate with shoals that differed in size and in the average sociability of individuals in the shoal. Shoal preferences depended on both the individual's sociability and on shoal size and composition in sociability types, and on the interaction between the individual's sociability and shoal size and composition. On average, fish preferred large to small shoals and groups made up of social individuals to groups made of asocial individuals at least when shoal size was small. Individual sociability types were linked to the time individuals spent far from any shoal and to consistent differences in choosiness about social contexts. Asocial individuals shoaled less and swam more between shoals than social ones, but preferred large shoals during the short time that they shoaled. These results can help explain patterns of group size and composition and individual and population-level personality-dependent dispersal.