Indigenous wild vegetables and native fruits for the treatment of tropical disease in Ilaro for sustainable tourism in south west Nigeria

Simple SummaryTo understand how traditional/folk biological knowledge changes across territories, cultures/languages, religions, and generations is crucial if we want to generate robust tools for preserving it. In this study we assessed the effect on foraging (gathering wild vegetables) of the affiliation to four different tribes within the same culture/language/religion in NW Pakistan. Through more than 100 interviews with local peoples conducted over a span of two years information about local wild vegetable names, growth habit, used plant parts, food/cooking details, medicinal perceptions, availability season, and market prices was collected. The survey recorded 51 non-cultivated vegetables while the dominant botanical families were Asteraceae and Fabaceae. Seven species were found to be sold at local and regional markets. Cross-cultural analysis among the wild plants foraged by the four considered tribes showed that the largest number of species was reported by members of the Hadarzai and Umarzai tribes, although most of the quoted wild vegetables were homogeneously gathered among all considered communities, with some more idiosyncratic plant uses among the Umarzai group, who have likely been less affected by the erosion of traditional knowledge or possibly have had less access to traded cultivated vegetables. This shows that food ethnobotanical knowledge exchanges overcome families and tribal boundaries, possibly through continuous social exchanges. The recorded food heritage will be essential for future projects aimed at fostering bio conservation, environmental sustainability, and food security.The foraging and consumption of wild food plants is a long-standing tradition in many parts of the world and their importance in promoting food security has become more widely debated in recent years. The current study aimed to document, analyze, and interpret the traditional knowledge of non-cultivated vegetables among four Pathan tribes (Alisher Khel, Hadarzai, Haji Khel, and Umarzai) living in the Gadoon Valley, Swabi District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, NW Pakistan, and to evaluate how these practices vary among the considered tribal communities. A total of 104 informants were interviewed via a semi-structured, open-ended questionnaire and group discussions. The field survey was conducted from October 2018 to November 2020. Information about local names, growth habit, used plant parts, food/cooking details, medicinal perceptions, availability season, and market prices were collected. The field survey recorded 51 non-cultivated vegetables belonging to 24 botanical families, for which the frequently used plant parts included young leaves, stems, and flowers. The greatest number of use reports was recorded for Colocasia and the highest cultural index value was recorded for Rumex dentatus; the dominant botanical families were Asteraceae and Fabaceae (six species each). Seven species were found to be sold at local and regional markets. Cross-cultural analysis among the four considered tribes showed that the largest number of species was reported by members of the Hadarzai and Umarzai tribes, although most of the quoted wild vegetables were homogenously gathered among all considered communities, with some more idiosyncratic plant uses among the Umarzai group, who have likely been less affected by the erosion of traditional knowledge or possibly have had less access to traded cultivated vegetables. The novelty of the data was assessed by comparing it with the previously published wild food ethnobotanical literature of Pakistan, which showed fifteen new wild vegetables not yet reported in the NW of the country. The recorded food biocultural heritage should be seriously considered in future local development projects aimed at fostering environmental sustainability and food security.

Wild indigenous vegetables have recently been receiving attention due to their accessibility and potential to fight malnutrition. The current study investigated the nutritional profile of 10 selected wild indigenous vegetables, namely Asclepias multicaulis, Lepidium africanum, Erucastrum austroafricanum, Solanum nigrum, Sonchus dregeanus, Sonchus integrifolius, Sonchus nanus, Rorippa fluviatilis, Tribulus terrestris, and Urtica lobulata, consumed by the Basotho people of southern Africa. This was done by first compiling a comprehensive literature review to identify the knowledge gaps and further analysing the selected vegetables for mineral contents and proximate compositions using standard analytical procedures of AOAC. The literature survey revealed that 90 wild plants are used as vegetables by the Basotho people, and there are knowledge gaps on the nutritional value of many species. Mineral analyses of the wild vegetables showed that Asclepias multicaulis and Sonchus dregeanus are rich in minerals such as Al, Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, and S and can compete favourably with commercialised vegetables such as lettuce and spinach in terms of mineral components. Also, all the wild vegetables studied have more than 12% recommended caloric protein value except Tribulus terrestris (10.07%) and Lepidium africanum (11.32%). The crude fat content in Asclepias multicaulis, Lepidium africanum, Rorippa fluviatilis, Erucastrum austroafricanum, and Urtica lobulata fall within the range required for healthy living. The concentrations of cadmium, copper, and lead in all the vegetables studied are below the detection level, thus making them non-toxic and safe for consumption.

ABSTRACT: Wild edible plants (WEPs) are the species that are neither cultivated nor domesticated, but available from their natural habitat and used as a source of food. Wild edible plants play a major role in meeting the nutritional requirement of the rural population. The use of wild plants by human as a source of food is in practice since time immemorial. wild vegetables are the fresh and edible parts of herbaceous plants. It may include roots, stems, leaves, fruits or seed of the plants that can be eaten as raw or cooked from vegetables are a major parts of daily food intake by human with their main dishes all over the world. Wild vegetables known for their essential biochemicals and nutritional importance as they contained good amount of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals, besides these, moisture, fiber, ash, and energy provided by individual vegetables are important for good health and prevention of disease. In Wardha region most of the villagers consumed the wild leafy vegetables as their daily diet. But factual observation is that most of the citizen’s people were not interested to eat the wild vegetables as their regular diet. In this study we demonstrated the wild edible vegetables collected from the Wardha region are the highest source of vitamins and minerals. Key words: Wild vegetables, Vidarbha region, nutritional analysis, nutritional value.

ABSTRACT: This preliminary study provides the traditional consumption of wild vegetables that mostly grow as weeds (>50%) and that are also medicinally important in the rural communities of Sargodha region, Pakistan. Through different surveys and interviews with key informants, data on perception, gathering, preparation and use of 40 wild vegetables belonging to 27 families were collected. Most common wild occurring family was Cucurbitaceae. The most of the plants found were from herbs followed by trees and shrubs. According to mode of consumption, majority of the plants are cooked while others are used as in salads form while juices, spices, pickles, raw form (their parts like fruits), jams etc. are also used. Most commonly used plant parts were fruits followed by shoots and leaves. According to medicinal view of collected wild vegetables, most of the plants are used for gastrointestinal disorders. The present study confirms the findings that the rural communities can harvest wild edible plants especially weeds as a survival strategy. It presents the baseline data on the use of plant resources as wild edible vegetables by the native communities of the area. Moreover, many potential medicinal plants should be the focus of future research, especially from the phytochemical point of view for boosting pharmaceutical industries.

Dear Sir, Ethno botanical study was done in Aldai and Kaptumo divisions in Nandi district situated on the western part of Rift valley province. It borders Kakamega district to the north-west, Uasin Gishu district to the north and East, Kericho district to the south-east, Kisumu to the south east and Vihiga district to the west (Anon, 1997–2002). With forest reserves occupying 54,487.4 hectares. The district lies within latitudes 0° and 0°34″ North and Longitudes 34° 44″ and 35° 25″ East. It occupies an area of 2,873 km2 with forest reserves occupying 56,019 hectares. South nandi forest covering an area of 1800ha. It has an altitude of 1700–2000m (Kigomo, 1991). It has five administrative divisions. Aldai division occupies 567km2 and sub-divided into twelve locations and 38 sub-locations (Kigomo, 1991). Aldai division has the highest population density of 382 people in 567 km2 in 2001 and the same trend is expected to increase with a population growth rate of 2.9%. These people still perform herbal treatments for curing general disorders. For them, use of herbs is the cheapest way for curing various health disorders. A review of literature reveals that much work has been done on ethnomedicinal plants in Kenya and other parts of the world (Jain, 1991; Negi et al., 1993; Ole Sankan, 1995: Singh et al., 1997: Karehed and Odhult, 1997; Bussmann et al., 2006). But still there are some tribal pockets which could be surveyed for the search of new traditional medicines. We report the ethnomedicinal plants of Nandi district for the first time. Ethnobotanical survey was done in different parts of Aldai division for search of new traditional herbal medicines in Nandi south district. A total of 60 practitioners were interviewed, these included males and females that depended on wild plants as sources of medicine either for self-medication or for treating others. Data was collected by interviewing 50% of the renowned herbalists (30 years and above) using stratified purposive random sampling. The plants were identified and the voucher specimens were deposited in the University of Nairobi Herbarium. The survey gathered information on 25 medicinal plant species reported by the informants for their medicinal use. Asystasia schimperi (Acanthaceae) T.Anders Local name: Chemurguiwet Use: leaves are used as infusion (internal) to treat cough, skin diseases Dryopteris marginalis (L.) Kuhn (Aspidiaceae) Local name: Tilalwet Use: Leaves shoot is used as infusion (external) for skin diseases Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Bracken (Aspidiaceae ) Local name: Tilalwet Use: leaves shoot is used as infusion (internal) for skin diseases Dyschoriste radicans Nees (Acanthaceae) Local name: Chemurguiwetab suswek Use: leaves is used as infusion (internal & external) for skin diseases, wounds, eye infections Lepidagathis scariosa Nees. (Acanthaceae) Local name: Nyamdutiet Use: leave is used as infusion (internal) for antidiarrhoea, wounds, oedema, foot and mouth in livestock, pneumonia Barleria grandicalyx Lindau (Acanthaceae) Local name: CheperenetUse: leaves is used as paste (external) for snake bites Thunbergia alata Sims (Acanthaceae) Local name: Cheptereret,Use: leaves is used as infusion (internal & external) for cough, backache Justicia betonica L (Acanthaceae) Local name: Kipkesio Use: leaves and flower ash (internal) are used for cough, anti-diarrhea, orchitis Acanthus pubescens (Oliv.) Engl (Acanthaceae) Local name: Ndakariat Use: leaves ash (internal) are used for dry cough, pneumonia, chronic asthma, cancer, tonsils, flu (mireiwek') Justicia flava Vahl (Acanthaceae) Local name: Rokorabchepkimis/chepyochoit Use: leaves ash (infusion) are used for sorcery, charms, ulcers, pneumonia Aloe kedongensis Reynolds (Aloeaceae) Local name: Tangaratwet Use: leaves and roots infusion (internal & external) are used for typhoid, skin diseases, malaria, colds, ear problems, wounds, coccidiosis Achyranthes aspera L. (Amaranthaceae) Local name: Chesirimiot/Chesirimto Use: root ash (internal) is used for cough Amaranthus graecizans L (Amaranthaceae) Local name: Mbogiat Use: leaves are used as paste (external) for cancer, boils Cyathula schimperiana non Moq (Amaranthaceae) Local name: Namgwet Use: leaves and roots are used as decoction (internal) for malaria, antidiarrhoea, fungal infections Cyathula cylindrica Moq (Amaranthaceae) Local name: Ng'atumyat Use: roots is used as decoction (internal) for malaria, purgative, emetic Lannea schimperi (A.Rich.) Engl. (Anacardiaceae) Local name: Kipng'etingwet Use: bark is used as decoction (internal) for diarrhoea, pain stomach, chest problems Rhus natalensis Krauss (Anacardiaceae) Local name: Siriat Use: roots is used as decoction (internal) for venereal diseases, heartburn, abdominal pains, cold, cough, antidiarrhoea Acokanthera schimperi (A.DC.) Schweinf. (Apocynaceae) Local name: Keliot Use: roots is used as decoction (internal) for venereal diseases (syphilis) Carissa edulis (Forsk.) Vahl. (Apocynaceae) Local name: Legetetiot/Tamuryekiat Use: roots is used as decoction (internal) for venereal diseases, epilepsy, malaria, heartburns, arthritis, sorcery, cancer Tabernaemontana stapfiana Britten (Apocynaceae) Local name: Mabondet Use: roots and stem barks are used as decoction (internal) for pneumonia, chest problems, aids in delivery Landolphia buchananii (Apocynaceae) Local name: Nyakinchwet Use: leaves is used as infusion (external) for wounds, gonorrhoea, molluscides Culcasia falcifolia Engl. (: Araceae) Local name: Chepnamobon/Kipnamobon Use: leaves is used as ash (internal) for dry cough, ECF, oedema, epilepsy Polyscias fulva (Hiern) Harms (Araliaceae) Local name: Soiyet Use: bark is used as decoction (internal) for obesity Curroria volubilis (Schltr.) Bullock (Asclepiadaceae) Local name: Simatwet Use: bark is used as decoction (internal) for aid in delivery, malaria Periploca linearifolia Dill. & Rich (Asclepiadaceae) Local name: Sinendet Use: roots, milkylatex is used as decoction (internal) & exudates (external) for venereal diseases, warts, rituals, pneumonia, cancer, antidiarrhoea, fertility The survey provides a documentation of 25 plants used by the people of Nandi district to treat various ailments. The plants are generally used in stomach disorders, skin diseases, fever, obesity, ulcer, respiratory diseases, venereal diseases, malaria, eye-diseases and skin diseases among others. These medicinal plants were only found in the wild where they are over harvested and hence there is need of training on cultivation and conservation of medicinal plants. It was noted that continued cutting of plants for different reasons has resulted in scarcity of some medicinal plants in the study area (e.g. Rhus natalensis Krauss). In addition, increasing need to use more herbicides in agricultural land and the continued use of farming plots for cultivation without leaving some fallow lands because of over-population could be potential threats to the existence of the herbal medicinal plants normally growing in agricultural fields in the area. Therefore, there is a greater need to develop a garden of medicinal plants of the area. The tribal people can also be encouraged to take up this job as an income generation activity. We are thankful to Maseno University for its financial support. We also thank the Nandi people for sharing generously their knowledge of medicinal plants with us.

Makawanpur district in Central Nepal is considered a biodiversity hotspot of the country. Numerous wild plant species are traditionally used as vegetables and contribute to nutrition and food security of local communities. However, abundance and use of many of these wild vegetables have been decreasing, which calls for domestication and cultivation of priority species. This study aimed at documenting wild vegetable species and their use to develop a priority list for future domestication efforts. Wild vegetables were surveyed in three agro–climatic zones (500–2,200 masl) of the Makawanpur district in natural forest, homegardens, farmer’s fields, fallow land, and markets. Information about local names, plant parts used, seasonal availability, mode of consumption, primary consumers, and preference ranking for consumption and sale was gathered during forest/field walks and by semi–structured interviews of 144 respondents (including men, women, and children) of three ethnic groups. Priority setting was based on nine variables related to priorities for taste and sale, species’ occurrence in homegardens, wide use among ethnic groups, broad altitude range, harvest season, level of threat as perceived by respondents, children’s preference for consumption, and possibility for processing. A total of 89 vegetable species were identified. Forests and fallows were most important for collecting wild vegetables, which were mainly used for home consumption. Only 26 species were also sold in markets. Ethnic group, respondent’s age, and altitude of the location had a significant influence on the respondents’ knowledge of wild vegetables, while gender had no influence. The following six species were rated highest in the priority setting: Bauhinia variegata L., Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Nees & Arn. ex Munro, Bambusa tulda Roxb., Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw., Dryopteris cochleata (Ham. ex D. Don) C. Chr., and Tectaria gemmifera (Fee) Alston. The developed priority setting approach was considered suitable, but it should also include further variables such as nutritional value and market potential of the species before it being recommended for further testing.

The ethnobotanical studies on wild vegetables were conducted during 2020-2021among the Gond, Madia tribes and vaidya of Lakhani taluka, Bhandara district Maharashtra state, India.Most of the tribal communities live in the villages.They utilize wild edible plants for cooking as vegetables.In India, most of the rural tribal population depends on wild edible vegetables to get their additional nutrient requirements.The experiment was done through survey, interview and field work along with knowledgeable person.46 wild vegetables species belonging to 25 families were identified among 23 herbs, 7 shrubs, 6 climbers, 10 trees with relevant information and documented alphabetically with their botanical name followed by family name, local name, parts used and medicinal uses.

Purpose– It is very pertinent to determine the nutritional value of indigenous leafy-vegetables to establish their potentials in ensuring adequate nutrition and food security. One of the ways to promote fresh produce is through nutritional information. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approach– Simultaneous multi-element analysis of eight indigenous (with underutilized) vegetables commonly found in the Southwest Nigeria was done by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy. Wild-grown vegetables were harvested from the National Horticultural Research Institute orchard, in Southwest Nigeria. The contents of investigated quantity minerals as well as trace and heavy metals were determined.Findings– In all the vegetables, potassium was discovered as the most abundant quantity mineral present with range of 4.364 mg/g inVernonia amygdalinato 78.218 mg/g inSenecio biafrae(an underutilized vegetable). This was followed by calcium ranging from 3.351 mg/g (Vernonia amygdalina) to 9.914 mg/g (Solanum macrocarpon). Lead had the least content among the heavy metals with range of value from below the detection limit of the method used to 0.05 μg/g.Practical implications– The results obtained for the mineral profile provide useful information that could sensitize the people on the need for their consumption. This can be a good opportunity to enhance micronutrient supply of the diet of low-income earners which form majority of the society.Originality/value– Findings from this study indicate that the indigenous vegetables that are not formally cultivated could be important in improving micronutrient deficiency of low-income earners.

Wild vegetables were collected from forests, home gardens, road sides, fallow lands and farmers’ fields of Makawanpur district. Information regarding local names, seasonal availability, mode of consumption and priority for utilization were gathered by interviews with key informants, traders’ interviews and market survey of study sites. Some of nutritive values including relative importance of wild vegetables were recorded from literature. A total of 68 wild plant species belonging to 58 genera and 40 families were identified as wild vegetables. Of these, 53 species were herbs, 5 climbers, 4 species shrubs, 4 species trees, and 2 species aquatic runners. The wild vegetables were harvested mainly from March to July by women for household consumption and were also sold in the market. Amaranthus lividus, Bambusa tulda, Bauhinia purpurea, Chenopodium album, Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, Diplazium esculentum, Dryopteris cochleata, Ficus lacor, Ipomoea aquatica, Macropanax dispermus, Phytolacca acinosa, Rorripa nasturtium-aquaticum, Tectaria coduanata, were frequently used as wild vegetables. About 16 wild vegetables were sold in the market. Thus, wild vegetables not only contributed to subsistence and nutritional security of the local people, but also a source of income generation. Despite their importance, these plants have been threatened. The utilization and cultivation of these vegetables should be promoted to maintain the dietary needs of the household in Nepal. This paper attempts to highlight the use and priority of wild vegetables mainly leafy and tender shoot vegetables of Makawanpur district. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 13, No. 1 (2012) 59-66 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v13i1.7442

Medicinal uses of selected wild edible vegetables consumed by Vhavenda of the Vhembe District Municipality, South Africa

Consumption of greens is a major source of vitamins and micro-nutrients for people using only vegetarian diets rich in carbohydrates. In remote rural settlements where vegetable cultivation is not practiced and market supplies are not organized, local inhabitants depend on indigenous vegetables, both cultivated in kitchen gardens and wild, for enriching the diversity of food. Knowledge of such foods is part of traditional knowledge which is largely transmitted through participation of individuals of households. A total of 123 households in six villages of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve buffer zone was surveyed using a schedule to assess the knowledge, availability and consumption pattern of wild leafy vegetables. Quantity estimations were done using regular visits with informants from 30 sample households of the six study villages during the collections. Monetization was used to see the value of wild leafy vegetables harvested during a year. The diversity of wild leafy vegetables being use by the local inhabitants is 21 species belonging to 14 genera and 11 families. This is far less than that being reported to be used by the communities from Western Ghats in India and some parts of Africa. Irrespective of social or economic status all households in the study villages had the knowledge and used wild leafy vegetables. The number of households reported to consume these wild leafy vegetables is greater than the number of households reporting to harvest them for all species except for Diplazium esculentum and Phytolacca acinosa. The availability and use period varied for the species are listed by the users. The study indicated that the knowledge is eroding due to changing social values and non participation of younger generation in collection and processing of such wild leafy vegetables.

The review concentrated on current literature on medicinal plants for the treatment of malaria and typhoid related diseases, highlighting information about their ethnobotany. The entire plants reviewed showed strong activities, establishing their different traditional applications and capability to control or eliminate malaria and typhoid diseases. Malaria and typhoid diseases are the most problematic public health challenge in Nigeria. Records have showed that annually, about 50% of the population suffers from at least one episode of malaria and typhoid diseases. The expenditure for malaria treatment creates high economic burden to households and health care system. The present review confirms application of forty-two (42) medicinal plants for the treatment of Malaria and typhoid related diseases. The zone of inhibition of the plants extract ranges from 5.4 to 35.0 mm and Anacardium occidentale L. (Cashew) was found to have the highest zone of inhibition. Among the plant parts in use, leaves had the highest percentage of utilization, followed by Shoot, Rhizome, Bulb and Tuber. The rate of utilization of medicinal plants around the world for the treatment of malaria and typhoid diseases is growing daily. Therefore, the need for further scientific research to analyze and extract the bioactive compounds in these plants in order to develop effective, reliable and affordable drugs that will help in the treatment of malaria and typhoid related diseases are strongly recommended. Key words: Ethnobotany, documentation, malaria, medicinal, plant treatment, typhoid.

An ethnobotanical inventory was conducted in the rural areas of Kannauj districts, Uttar Pradesh during 2007- 09 following standard ethnobotanical methods for documentation of underexploited, non-conventional, traditional and indigenous wild vegetables for further studies leading to sustainable utilization of these resources to overcome malnutrition in vegetarian diet. During present study 25 species belonging to 18 families have been documented. Chenopodium album is the most common and popularly used wild vegetable followed by Ipomoea aquatica and Coccinea grandis in the study area. Seven species are reported as wild vegetable for the first time in India. Leaves and young stem are used in majority of the cases. Only 56% wild vegetables used in the study area are easily available, it means 44% wild vegetables are threatened to be lost if not conserved properly. The highly endangered wild vegetables in the study area are Abrus precatorius, Centella asiatica, Dioscorea bulbifera, and Solanum incanum.

It is generally believed that vegetable cultivation is women's occupation. Hence, gender involvement in the production of indigenous vegetables in Southwest Nigeria was studied. The study described the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, their access to productive resources and challenges in production of indigenous vegetable (IV). Multistage sampling procedure was used to select 1091 respondents. Seven states in the southwest covered by the MicroVeg project were purposively selected. Sixty-two local government areas (LGAs) and then 144 communities were randomly selected, respectively. An average of seven farming households were snowballing selected in each community. Validated and pretested interview schedule, focus group discuss (FGD) and in-depth interview (IDI) were used to elicit information from the respondents. Data collected were subjected to descriptive statistics and ATLAS.ti for analyses. The results showed that female (42.59±12.93 years) IV farmers were younger than their male (45.06±13.94 years) counterparts. Few (9.5%) male and female (23.7%) had no formal education. Majority (70.95%) female and male (55.53%) were involved in the cultivating of IVs. More than half (58.99%) male were producers, 32.8% marketers while 37.99% female were primary consumers. Contrary to popular opinions, men cultivated IVs during the dry season while women produced during both dry and raining seasons. Well dug close to their farms was the major source of water for both male and female. Farm inputs and resources such as seeds, fertilizers, chemicals, and land were difficult to access by the female farmers. The challenges of IV producers included; difficulty in accessing seeds, finance, and water during dry season. In conclusion, both male and female were involved in IVs production but female producers faced more challenges in production than male. Hence more attention should be paid to female IVs producers than their male counterparts in the provision of seeds, fertilisers, and storage facilities.

Meghalaya, the hilly state, is one of the seven states of North-Eastern region of India. This small state was carved out of Assam and made a full –fledged state on 21st January 1972. The Khasi, Jaintia, Bhoi and War, are collectively known as the Hynniewtrep people and they predominantly inhabit the districts of Eastern Meghalaya. Indigenous people are generally very knowledgeable about the wild medicinal plants around them, many of them have local names and are important to the people as folklore. The present topic is chosen to explore the indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants by Khasi tribe in East Khasi Hills, Meghalaya. To explore the knowledge of medicinal plants, many Villagers and traditional healers (Ojhas) who were experienced in practicing indigenous or folk medicine are consulted to gather information. In this review study a total of 30 medicinal plants are documented and information on local names, scientific names, family, habit, plant parts used and medicinal uses of these plants are also given. The documented plant species are used for some common ailments like headache, stomach problems, cold, cough and fever, jaundice, skin diseases, blood pressure and diabetes etc. These plants are taken orally in the form of Swarasa (juices) or Kwatha (decoction). These kinds of traditional practices require scientific validation and documentation of their therapeutics in Ayurveda.