Abstract
The aims of the work were to study the current quality of the water in Lake DOHOU used for drinking water supply through several physical, chemical analyses and using water quality indices (WQI). In addition, the question was whether the populations are at risk after drinking water of lake following a reduction of 50% and 75% in the median and maximum values of pesticides. Thus, the results of the pesticide monitoring program were incorporated into probabilistic human health risk assessment exercises. Water samples were collected over a period of one year. Pesticides were subjected to solid phase extraction and then analyzed using gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectroscopy. The other parameters were measured according to conventional methods. The results showed that the most frequently detected pesticides were aldicarb (79%), simazine (79%) and monolinuron (44%). They also showed the mean values of concentrations exceeding 1.5 μg/L. Metoxuron detected at a frequency of 29% showed the maximum average concentration (13.46 μg/L). Nearly 98% of the sampling points had at least one substance with an average concentration above the quality standard (0.1 μg/L) and 80% did not meet the total concentration standards. Cumulative risk quotient estimates after 50% or 75% abatement for frequently identified pesticides were greater than unity when extreme values for adults and children were considered. To determine the suitability of water for aquatic life, drinking water consumption and drinking water production, the water quality index (WQI), the heavy metal pollution (HPI) and the heavy metal evaluation (HEI) were calculated. The poor quality of the water was mainly related to pesticides, organic matter and microbiological parameters. Most of the nutrients and metals studied were often below the standards of drinking water and aquatic life. The Water Quality Index (WQI) has shown that water quality is degrading for these three modes of use and ranges from poor to marginal. The coupling of monitoring data with probabilistic estimates of human risks could be used by the Ivorian authorities to propose effective pollution management plans.
Highlights
Agriculture occupies a prominent place in developing countries because of its food, economic, social and environmental functions [1]
The present study aimed to evaluate the current water quality of Dohou Lake through several physical and chemical analyzes, using water quality indices (WQI), heavy metal pollution (HPI), heavy metals evaluation (HEI) and monitoring of 32 pesticides and metabolites in this lake used for drinking water supply
This study consisted of assessing the current water quality of Dohou Lake used for water production through several physico-chemical, microbiological and micropollutant analyses using water quality indices
Summary
Agriculture occupies a prominent place in developing countries because of its food, economic, social and environmental functions [1]. In recent years, there has been a population growth in Côte d’Ivoire, accompanied by intensive urbanization, the development of industrial activities and the exploitation of arable land [5] This has resulted in a large increase in wild dumping and a wide diversification of pollutants that can reach watercourses. With regard to agricultural pollution, pollutants can lead to contamination of the food chain, difficulties in supplying populations with drinking water and certain threats to biodiversity [10] These consequences are due to the persistence of certain agrochemicals or their degradation products which, through bioaccumulation and biomagnification, accumulate in the tissues of plants and animals [11]. The contamination of surface waters by heavy metals is a serious environmental problem because of their potential toxicity to humans and the environment [12] They are not biodegradable and can bioaccumulate throughout the food chain. The results of the pesticide monitoring program have been incorporated into probabilistic risk assessment exercises for human health
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