Abstract
The purpose was to explore the effects of resting heart rate (RHR) and pulse pressure (PP) independently as well as their cumulative effects on the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) through cross-sectional study plus meta-analysis. A total of 8276 subjects aged 35–74 years from the Rural Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle (RuralDiab) study were included in the study. Meanwhile, two meta-analyses were conducted to validate the results of the epidemiological research. The results showed that RHR and PP were associated with higher risk of T2DM, and the corresponding adjusted OR(95%CI) for each quartiles were 1.00, 0.99(0.68–1.42), 1.58(1.13–2.20), 2.93(2.15–3.98) and 1.00, 1.06(0.75–1.48), 1.11(0.79–1.56), 1.45(1.03–2.03), respectively. The cumulative effect analysis indicated that the adjusted OR(95%CI) in the fast RHR-high PP were 3.36(2.26–4.99), 2.60(1.47–4.59), and 3.60(2.09–6.20) compared with the slow RHR-low PP for total population, male and female, respectively. Meta-analysis showed that the pooled effect values for RHR and PP were 1.94(1.64–2.31) and 1.25(1.04–1.51), respectively. This study demonstrated that elevated RHR and PP are independently associated with the risk of T2DM as well as the influences of conventional confounders, and fast RHR with high PP might cumulatively increase the risk of T2DM. However, the potential clinical application remains to be determined.
Highlights
Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the worldwide epidemic chronic non-communicational diseases bringing about heavy social-economic burden, and the age-standardized incidences of diabetes have been significantly increased since 19901
As a simple indicator of autonomic nervous system function, Resting heart rate (RHR) varies with the activation or inactivation of sympathetic nerve[6], and elevated RHR might be a risk factor associated with the development of diabetes, the results were inconsistent in different populations[7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14]
The results showed that RHR was positively associated with the risk of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and the adjusted odds ratio (OR)(95%confidence interval (CI)) were 1.00, 0.99(0.68–1.42), 1.58(1.13–2.20), and 2.93(2.15–3.98) in total population
Summary
Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the worldwide epidemic chronic non-communicational diseases bringing about heavy social-economic burden, and the age-standardized incidences of diabetes have been significantly increased since 19901. Resting heart rate (RHR) and pulse pressure (PP) are convenient measurements but important indicators of cardiovascular diseases[4, 5]. As a simple indicator of autonomic nervous system function, RHR varies with the activation or inactivation of sympathetic nerve[6], and elevated RHR might be a risk factor associated with the development of diabetes, the results were inconsistent in different populations[7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14]. The purpose of this study was to explore the separate relationship and cumulative effect of RHR and PP on the risk of T2DM in Chinese rural population combining cross-sectional study and meta-analysis
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