Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess oxidative stress biomarkers prior to and following different forms of exercise. Ten elite male judokas (age: 18.1 ± 1.7 years, athletic experience: 6 years with a training frequency of 6 Judo-sessions/week) performed three cycle ergometry sessions comprising a 30 s Wingate test (MAX), 30 min at 60% maximal-aerobic-power-output (LOW) or these two exercise protocols combined (COMBINED) in a repeated-measures design. Venous blood-samples were collected before, and 0(P0), 5(P5), 10(P10) and 20(P20) min after each exercise protocol and assessed for malondialdehyde concentration ([MDA]), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR) content, and total-antioxidant-status (TAS). Plasma [MDA] was found to be increased above baseline at P0 and P5 in the MAX, LOW and COMBINED conditions (p < 0.05), but was greater at P10 and P20 in the LOW condition compared to MAX and COMBINED conditions (p < 0.05). Blood GPX and SOD content increased above baseline at P0 in MAX and COMBINED and at P5 in LOW (p < 0.05), with GR content being similar between groups at P0 and P5 (p > 0.05). 20 min post-exercise, GPX, SOD, GR content and TAS were lower in the MAX compared to the LOW and COMBINED conditions (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the findings from this study reveal that redox-related biomarkers exhibited divergent response dynamics following different forms of exercise, which might have implications for understanding the mechanisms of exercise-induced skeletal muscle fatigue and adaptive remodeling.
Highlights
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are free radical molecules that can oxidatively modify and damage cellular constituents including lipids, proteins and DNA (Leeuwenburgh and Heinecke, 2001; Bloomer et al, 2007)
Following MAX exercise, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) content had returned to baseline values at P10 (p < 0.05), whereas superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR) content did not return to baseline values until the P20 sampling point (p > 0.05)
The principal original findings of the current study were: (1) blood GPX and SOD content increased above baseline immediately post-exercise in the MAX and COMBINED protocols, but not the low-intensity continuous exercise (LOW) protocol; (2) blood GPX, SOD, GR and plasma TAS were lower 20 min postexercise in the MAX compared to the LOW and COMBINED protocols; and (3) plasma [MDA] was highest 20 min following the LOW protocol and plasma [α-tocopherol] was lowest 20 min following the MAX protocol
Summary
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are free radical molecules that can oxidatively modify and damage cellular constituents including lipids, proteins and DNA (Leeuwenburgh and Heinecke, 2001; Bloomer et al, 2007). The few studies that have directly compared the effects of short-duration high-intensity exercise bouts and continuous low-intensity exercise bouts on redox balance have yielded disparate findings (Marzatico et al, 1997; Bloomer et al, 2005; Wadley et al, 2016; Parker et al, 2018). It appears that when short-duration ≤30 s maximal intensity “allout” exercise is compared to longer duration lower-intensity continuous exercise, some prooxidant and antioxidant markers are increased to a greater extent in the former (Parker et al, 2018). Resolving which type of exercise elicits the greatest oxidative stress response is important as this might reveal the exercise settings with the greatest potential to exhibit improved performance following antioxidant supplementation (Ammar et al, 2016b, 2018), and to elicit the fastest or greatest improvement in physiological and performance adaptations following a chronic exercise training intervention (Ammar et al, 2017a)
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