Increased glutamate, GABA and glutamine in lateral geniculate nucleus but not in medial geniculate nucleus caused by visual attention to novelty

Abstract

This study is concerned with cortico-thalamic neural mechanisms underlying attentional phenomena. Previous results from this laboratory demonstrated that the visual sector of the GABAergic thalamic reticular nucleus is selectively c- fos activated in rats that are naturally paying attention to features of a novel-complex environment, and that this activation is dependent on top-down glutamatergic inputs from the primary visual cortex. By contrast, the acoustic sector of the thalamic reticular nucleus is not activated despite noise generated by exploration and c- fos activation of brainstem acoustic centers (e.g. dorsal cochlear nucleus, inferior colliculus). A prediction of these results is that the levels of the neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA, and the glutamate-related amino acid glutamine, will be increased in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), but not in the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) of rats that explore a novel-complex environment in comparison to levels of these amino acids in control rats. By means of neurochemical analysis of these amino acids (HPLC) the results of this study confirmed this prediction. The results are consistent with the previously proposed ‘focal attention’ hypothesis postulating that a focus of attention in the primary visual cortex generates top-down center-surround facilitatory-inhibitory effects on geniculocortical transmission via corticoreticulogeniculate pathways. The results also supports the notion that a main function of corticothalamic pathways to relay thalamic nuclei is attention-dependent modulation of thalamocortical transmission.