Abstract
We incorporated extract of Glycine max Merrill (GM), which is generally known as soybean, into a layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanostructure through two different methods, ion-exchange and reconstruction. Through X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and zeta-potential measurement, GM moiety seemed to be simply attached on the surface of LDH by ion-exchange process, while the extract could be incorporated in the inter-particle pore of LDHs by reconstruction reaction. The quantification exhibited that both incorporation method showed comparable extract loading capacity of 15.6 wt/wt% for GM-LDH hybrid prepared by ion-exchange (GML-I) and 18.6 wt/wt% for GM-LDH hybrid by reconstruction (GML-R). On the other hand, bioactive substance in both GM-LDH hybrids, revealed that GML-R has higher daidzein content (0.0286 wt/wt%) compared with GML-I (0.0108 wt/wt%). According to time-dependent daidzein release, we confirmed that GML-R showed pH dependent daidzein release; a higher amount of daidzein was released in pH 4.5 physiological condition than in pH 7.4, suggesting the drug delivery potential of GML-R. Furthermore, alkaline phosphatase activity and collagen fiber formation on human osteoblast-like MG-63 cells displayed that GML-R had superior possibility of osteoblast differentiation than GML-I. From these results, we concluded that reconstruction method was more effective for extract incorporation than ion-exchange reaction, due to its pH dependent release property and alkaline phosphatase activity.
Highlights
Layered double hydroxide (LDH), which has chemical formula of M(II)1−x M(III)x(OH)2(An−)x/n·mH2O (M(II): divalent metal cation, M(III): trivalent metal cation, An−: interlayer anion, 0.2 < x < 0.4), is composed of positively charged metal hydroxide sheets and charge compensating interlayer anions [1,2]
If natural plant extract was incorporated with a drug carrier such as LDH, the obtained hybrids would protect the activity of extract against the external harsh environment, facilitate drug delivery into the target cell, and release therapeutic components in a controlled manner [9,28]
For the preparation of Glycine max Merrill extract (GM)-LDH hybrid by ion-exchange route (GML-I), 2.22 g of Mg3Al-NO3-LDH powder was dispersed in 91.2 mL of decarbonated water and 9.8 mL of GM/Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution (43 mg solid content) was added
Summary
Layered double hydroxide (LDH), which has chemical formula of M(II)1−x M(III)x(OH)2(An−)x/n·mH2O (M(II): divalent metal cation, M(III): trivalent metal cation, An−: interlayer anion, 0.2 < x < 0.4), is composed of positively charged metal hydroxide sheets and charge compensating interlayer anions [1,2]. If natural plant extract was incorporated with a drug carrier such as LDH, the obtained hybrids would protect the activity of extract against the external harsh environment, facilitate drug delivery into the target cell, and release therapeutic components in a controlled manner [9,28]. At this stage, we noticed that the incorporation method would affect the biological behaviors of extract-LDH hybrids. The biological activity of the hybrid was evaluated through cytotoxicity assay and alkaline phosphatase activity test
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