Incorporating diaspora contributions into development strategies

The conceptual and operational dimensions of sustainable development, poverty reduction, and privatization strategies have recently emerged on the world scene as central issues in the debate on lesser developed countries' (LDCs) development prospects for the twenty first century and beyond. The paper seeks to clarify conceptually, the nature of the economic relationships between and among the three strategies, relative to explicit or implicit development objectives. Attention is focused on three economic elements of the strategies-economic growth, equity improvement, and environmental assets - particularly as these elements might converge or diverge with respect to development objectives. The paper concludes that economic growth, equity improvement, and environmental quality parameters do not necessarily move in lock-step with each other. By extension, neither do sustainable development, poverty reduction, and privatization strategies. Privatization can be a powerful vehicle for generating high economic growth rates. High and sustained economic growth rates are the conduits for attaining complementarity among economic growth, equity improvement, and an environmental quality objectives. However, the sources and patterns of economic growth factors resulting from privatization activities can cause non-complementary effects among the welfare enhancing elements of the three strategies. The major determinants of non-complementary forces associated with growth are market and or policy failures and the orientation of the technological practices.

Purpose: This study explores the impact of Young Agricultural Entrepreneurs on poverty reduction through GRDP and proposes a digitalization strategy to enhance their role in promoting economic growth and alleviating poverty in Indramayu. Methodology/approach: Utilizing an explanatory sequential mixed methods design, this research combines secondary data (2020–2024) with quantitative regression analysis (including the Sobel Test for mediation) and qualitative in-depth interviews with 10 Young Agricultural Entrepreneurs in Indramayu Regency. Results/findings: The study finds that Young Agricultural Entrepreneurs significantly reduce poverty but have no significant effect on GRDP, indicating that poverty reduction occurs through direct household mechanisms rather than macroeconomic growth. It suggests that digitalization can enhance their contribution to GRDP by improving productivity, market access, and value-added activities, thereby supporting more sustainable poverty reduction. Conclusion: This study shows that Young Agricultural Entrepreneurs reduce poverty in Indramayu through direct household and local economic impacts. While their activities influence GRDP, the effect is not significant. Digitalization plays a key role in enhancing productivity, market access, and value-added activities, strengthening their contribution to sustainable poverty reduction. Limitations: The study's limitations include its reliance on aggregate secondary data over a relatively short period and a small sample size for the qualitative phase, which may not capture the full diversity of Young Agricultural Entrepreneursexperiences. Contribution: This research offers policy recommendations for empowering Young Agricultural Entrepreneurs through a comprehensive digitalization strategy, thus fostering sustainable economic growth and long-term poverty reduction in rural areas.

School enrollment produced a significant reductive impact on investment in entrepreneurship and poverty reduction. The purpose of this study is to determine the nature of interactive effect of school enrollment on entrepreneurship and sustainable poverty reduction in Nigeria. The approach adopted for the study is quantitative research with monthly secondary data from 1990-2022, a data set covering 384 data sets sourced from the Nigeria Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletin. The analysis used by the study is the Auto-regressive distributed lag method which provided the framework for short and long run interactive effect. The results of the study showed that school enrollment interacted with investment in entrepreneurship reduce poverty in the long run. Also, investment in entrepreneurship showed lagged negative effect on poverty reduction. This implies that boosting school enrollment plays a vital role in augmenting the relationship between investment in entrepreneurship and sustainable poverty reduction in Nigeria. Therefore, education policy should be tailored toward enhancing school enrollment in school where pedagogical activities have been fashioned towards skill acquisition so as to promote the growth of entrepreneurial education and sustained reduction of poverty in Nigeria.

The underdeveloped communities and multi-dimensional poverty are the most common dilemmas of developing countries. The study aimed to determine the inclusive and sustainable community development and poverty reduction, empirical evidence of the selected districts of the Sindh, Pakistan. The research has surveyed in five districts of Sindh and collected data from 230 respondents. The research is based on quantitative investigation through primary data collection from five selected districts of Sindh province of Pakistan, followed by descriptive and inferential analysis on SPSS. A total of three research questions representing different aspects of integrated and sustainable community development and poverty reduction are answered from the results. The study has explored that inclusive and sustainable community development and multi-dimensional poverty has significant positive relationship. The research also points to the significance of the livelihood creation on community development and poverty reduction. A set of recommendations is outlined from the results for effective and efficient policymaking in poverty reduction and community development.

This paper takes into account the livelihood capital theory and the actual context of the production and life of the poor group, and based on the influence mechanism of public health emergencies on the sustained poverty reduction in rural areas, conducts an empirical study on the impact of the Covid-19 on the sustained poverty reduction in rural areas of A County in Sichuan Province. The results show that, firstly, the greatest impact of the Covid-19 on rural poverty reduction is that it restricts the self-help behavior of the poor groups. Secondly, the impact of the Covid-19 on rural poverty reduction mainly affects the livelihood capital of the poor groups. Finally, natural disasters, medical expenses, patients or disabled people, income reduction, stable employment, burden ratio, family labor force and other factors are important factors affecting rural poverty reduction, and accordingly, countermeasures will be more targeted.

This research examined factors that help microfinance achieve sustained poverty reduction based on a systematic literature review (SLR). A search was conducted on the SCOPUS database up to December 2023. After analyzing hundreds of documents, a subset of 30 articles was subject to in-depth analysis, exploring factors and corresponding measurement indicators for sustainable poverty reduction in microfinance contexts. This article emphasizes that sustained poverty reduction is a gradual process requiring ongoing efforts from both Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) and governments. Two key success factors are empowering borrowers and ensuring the microfinance programs themselves are profitable. When implemented in an integrated and coordinated manner, these factors can empower individuals to escape poverty by fostering self-employment and income generation, ultimately reducing dependence on external support. Additionally, the study highlights the role of personality traits in influencing long-term entrepreneurial success. The findings provide valuable tools for MFIs and policymakers. MFIs gain a practical framework to guide their interventions towards sustained poverty reduction. Policymakers can leverage the identified factors and indicators when designing and implementing microfinance policies with a long-term focus on poverty alleviation. This study breaks new ground by presenting an operational framework that categorizes and integrates two critical factor groups: empowerment and beneficiary profitability. Furthermore, it links these factors to corresponding measurement indicators within a unified framework, enabling a more holistic assessment of poverty reduction efforts.

This paper critically assesses the intersection of Agenda 2063 and the human right to water, exploring the legal frameworks and practical pathways to achieving sustainable water access across Africa. The purpose is to examine how the African Union’s Agenda 2063, which envisions inclusive development and human rights protection, aligns with the legal recognition and implementation of water as a fundamental right. Employing a doctrinal research methodology, the paper reviews relevant international, regional, and national legal instruments, alongside case studies from African countries, to evaluate existing challenges and opportunities in realizing the right to water. The findings reveal significant gaps in legal enforcement, institutional capacity, and socio-economic equity, which hinder the fulfillment of water rights despite broad legal recognition. The study discusses successful models of community-driven water management and technological innovations that have improved water access in countries like Uganda, Ghana, and South Africa. Recommendations include constitutionalising the right to water across African states, strengthening institutional frameworks, promoting regional cooperation, and enhancing community participation in water governance. Conclusively, aligning water governance with Agenda 2063’s objectives can transform water access from a theoretical right into a lived reality, contributing to sustainable development, health equity, and poverty reduction. This research contributes to scholarship by providing a legal and policy-oriented framework for integrating human rights into Africa’s development agenda, highlighting the right to water as essential to achieving the continent’s long-term aspirations.

- The theory of delayed gratification is widely recognized for its explanatory power in predicting individual and societal success. It posits that the ability to defer immediate desires in favor of greater future rewards is crucial for achieving long-term goals. In the context of poverty reduction, this theory suggests that the ability of individuals living in poverty to delay immediate gratification is crucial for escaping poverty. Those who can delay gratification are more likely to break free from poverty, while those who cannot tend to remain trapped in it. This paper highlights the limitations of the delayed gratification theory in explaining why poverty reduction achieved through this approach often fails to reduce inequality and ensure sustainability. It seeks to move beyond the theory by presenting an alternative theoretical framework that better explains the persistence of poverty and the shortcomings of delayed gratification in addressing inequality and unsustainability. The study draws on three sources of data: (1) a comprehensive literature review, (2) introspective insights and non-judgmental observation of thoughts and emotions by the second and third authors, and (3) a field survey conducted in the Kobeigane GS Division of the Kurunegala District in Sri Lanka, involving interviews with 35 individuals from both wealthy and poor families. Our findings confirm that, as the theory suggests, individuals in poverty who possess the ability to delay gratification are more likely to escape it. However, their success often reinforces the very desires they once delayed. As a result, these reinforced desires, along with the associated aversions, sense of self, and self-centeredness, have diminished their capacity to act in harmony with themselves, others, and nature in ways that promote equality and sustainability. This limitation stems from the theory's underlying materialistic paradigm, which implicitly assumes that desires are fixed and permanent traits of human nature. In contrast, our findings reveal that desires are not fixed and permanent but conditioned mental constructs that can be dissolved by freeing the mind from its conditioning. Based on this insight, the paper proposes an alternative theory of mental conditioning. This theory suggests that sustainable poverty reduction, along with reduced inequality and enhanced sustainability, depends not merely on delaying desires but on transcending them altogether. It argues that the perpetuation of poverty is driven not only by external material conditions but also by internal factors, namely, mental conditioning that constrains individuals' capacity to escape poverty and foster equality and sustainability. While acknowledging the importance of addressing structural and external factors, the proposed theory emphasizes the transformative potential of freeing the mind from conditioning. A mind thus freed acts naturally and spontaneously for the well-being of the whole self, others, and nature. Such inner transformation, in both wealthy and poor individuals, leads to poverty and inequality reduction that is both effective and sustainable. Drawing on this theoretical framework, the paper outlines practical strategies for integrating mind-liberating practices into poverty reduction programs through local religious centers, educational institutions, and voluntary groups Keywords: Beyond Gratification Theory, Mental Conditioning, Poverty Alleviation, Spirituality, Sustainability

The purpose of this study is to explore the debt of Dao ethnic women in Vietnam and its impact on sustainable poverty reduction. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining in-depth interviews with experts for scale development and quantitative data collection from 206 Dao women in the Northern Midlands and Mountains region of Vietnam. Parental and agricultural debt contribute to sustainable poverty reduction, while wedding debt has no significant impact as it is used for non-productive purposes. To effectively reduce poverty among ethnic women, especially in rural regions, the study concludes that priority should be given to promoting productive debt for income-generating activities and providing flexible loan terms. Wedding debt, which burdens families without creating economic benefits, should be discouraged. Improving financial literacy and fostering systemic changes to support marginalized communities are essential for sustainable poverty reduction. The study suggests that microfinance initiatives should prioritize productive loans for income-generating activities, support financial literacy programs tailored for ethnic women, and create policies that reduce the socio-cultural and economic barriers these women face. By focusing on flexible, productive debt and discouraging non-productive borrowing for ceremonies, poverty reduction efforts can be effective and sustainable in marginalized communities.

Strategies for sustainable land management and poverty reduction in Uganda , Strategies for sustainable land management and poverty reduction in Uganda , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

Sustainability agenda has been gaining extensive concentration as one of the major development paradigm in modern era. Rapid economic growth, social development, sustainability and poverty reduction have been considered as crucial discourse under that paradigm. With the world-wide wave of economic development and improved traditional living standard of people, consumption of fuel has also increased significantly. Exponential growth in use of fossil fuel and its impacts compelled to search for alternative energy sources. Green energy is that source of energy that is naturally restocked. Nepal is rich enough country for renewable energy sources even though, could not accelerate growth and development agenda. Appropriate policy, planning, and management of green energy would help to give a big push to break development hazards and would contribute for takeoff for sustainable development and poverty reduction strategies. This paper attempts how green energy policy, planning and management would contribute for gearing up for sustainable development and poverty reduction in Nepal. It is an endeavor to scrutinize and understand the green energy utilization, proper management and exploring the capacity of the Nepalese economy. Findings of the study conclude that, instead of fossil energy, renewable energy utilization contributes for transferring poor livelihood and its sustainability.

This thesis examines contentions in academic literature that poverty is multidimensional. Development practices to fight poverty, therefore, must address all country-specific essential elements of sustainable development that are inextricably linked to poverty. There is adequate evidence that economic growth is important to reduce poverty, but growth alone is not enough. Development practices since the New Order in Indonesia (1969) have been overly dependent on central government decisions and external assistance. Local capacity building of the regions was weak and the cycle of poverty was unresolved. The decentralization in place since 2001 has not been able to change the centralistic mind-set at the local level, while economic liberalization and globalization have only benefited few market players but disadvantaged the majority of the poor. Approaches to poverty reduction were fragmented and not based on local capacities. This thesis develops an approach for sustainable poverty reduction based on two significant problems: the failure of Indonesia’s planning framework to develop effective poverty reduction strategies at the local level and limited capacity of the regions to meet their responsibilities in accordance with the Law No. 32, 2004 on Regional Governance. A case study field work was carried out in Malang, Indonesia by the writer. Derived from the pressure-state-response (P-S-R) framework, I began by identifying the causes of poverty at national and regional levels, and then, conducting content analysis, by comparing and contrasting indicators of the causes of poverty with the indicators in the existing local planning framework. The second stage, using outputs of the first stage, measures the state of poverty (the capability of the poor) at the local level (Malang) with in-depth assessment on the poor community in Kutobedah, an area within Kotalama Village. The third stage examines capacity building at the local level as the catalyst of sustainable poverty reduction in the on-going process of decentralized Indonesia. The thesis found that the planning framework in Indonesia had provided adequate basic infrastructures to accommodate poverty reduction strategies from the national level to the local level. The ineffectiveness of poverty reduction was greatly caused by the 1997 economic crisis, the failure of the development paradigm, ineffective strategies and the monitoring process due to impracticable indicators and weak capacity development at the local level. This thesis recommends the causes-capability-capacity indicators (3CI) framework for poverty reduction at the local level in Indonesia with clear and tangible indicators for all stakeholders, concludes by proposing policy actions and calls for all development actors to strengthen the capacity building at the local level, particularly the local government.

Rural women are often the main supporters of their families and have been involved in improving the quality of life for households and communities. Sustainable rural development and poverty reduction is linked to empowering women. Community groups are one mechanism for empowering women and fostering economic development in rural KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa. For the poor, the ability to organize and mobilize to solve problems is crucial because collective capability assists in overcoming challenges arising from marginalization and limited resources. Even though considerable work has been done on the impact of institutional support for community groups, it is not well documented how the efforts of women's community groups actually lead to improved socioeconomic wellbeing. The results of the study elucidate the positive impact of female group membership as a mechanism for advancing livelihoods and socio‐economic wellbeing. Empowering women's groups as micro‐institutions of economic and social advancement is a fundamental tool for improving the well‐being of women and their children. The findings are intended to help institutions that work with women groups improve the impact and sustainability of these key mechanisms for development intervention.

An anthropology of development perspective on corporate social responsibility (CSR ) seeks to unveil unintended outcomes of CSR initiatives, to unpack its discourses and the assumptions that CSR is a driver of sustainable development and poverty reduction. The central question underpinning analyses of CSR from this perspective is what the implications might be of the private sector as an agent of development. The shift in the perceived role of business as only a profit -driven tool of development to that of development agent is vividly illustrated by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs ). The SDGs emphasise that governments and multilateral development agencies cannot achieve the 2030 development agenda alone and that the private sector has the capital , resources and power to take on a central role in poverty reduction. This chapter presents the anthropology of development concerns with how the CSR apparatus utilises a sustainable development discourse to support the development encounter between corporations of the global North working in communities of the global South. From this anthropology of development perspective several concerns are brought to the forefront of CSR debates: the contested nature of both CSR and sustainable development; the taken-for-granted assumptions that the private sector and poverty reduction are compatible; and the unintended consequences of CSR activities despite well-meaning intentions.

Before the reform and opening-up, farmers in China were generally poor and worked hard for survival. Only those in extreme poverty had access to poverty relief. Reform and opening-up initiated the road of poverty reduction in rural China, which can be divided into two major stages. From 1978 to 2012, China mainly implemented rural development-oriented poverty alleviation, continuously raised poverty standards, increased investment, and innovated poverty alleviation methods. Under the joint action of high-speed economic growth, large-scale rural labor transfer, international cooperation, and other factors, a sustained and large-scale poverty reduction was achieved. From 2013 to 2020, in order to utterly eliminate absolute poverty, China creatively implemented targeted poverty alleviation, launched the final battle against poverty, increased investment on a large scale, and sent personnel to the countryside for poverty alleviation, and as a result lifted all poor counties, poor villages, and nearly 100 million poor people out of poverty on schedule. Poverty reduction achievements in rural China include such 5 aspects as elimination of absolute poverty, accelerated increase of the poor’s income and consumption level, constant improvement of their life quality and basic public service, resolution of overall regional poverty, and enhancement of social governance capability in poverty-stricken areas. During the past 42 years of reform and opening-up, China has lifted more than 700 million farmers out of poverty, achieved the largest poverty reduction in the world, solved the “last mile” problem of poverty reduction, successively achieved the poverty reduction goal in the UN Millennium development goals and the 2030 sustainable development agenda ahead of schedule, created a miracle of global poverty reduction, and made China’s contribution to global poverty reduction and improvement of human development index by providing Chinese approach and efforts. The report summarizes China’s experience in getting rid of poverty from six aspects, which can be reduced as being based on the national conditions, adhering to the people-centered development thought, constantly improving the shared development strategy, always putting rural poverty reduction in an important position, and choosing a comprehensive poverty reduction road. Many elements of China’s poverty reduction experience can be generally used for reference by other developing countries, especially the methods of solving the “last mile” problem of poverty reduction. The report ends with a brief prospect of the strategic transformation of solving relative poverty and moving toward common prosperity and strengthening international cooperation in poverty reduction in the next stage.KeywordsTargeted poverty alleviationEradication of povertySustainable development goalsInternational cooperationChinese experience