INaturalist Users Exhibit Distinct Spatiotemporal Sampling Preferences, with Implications for Biodiversity Science and Project Planning

Temporal Trends in Rural vs Urban Sepsis-Related Mortality in the United States, 2010-2019

219: Factors In Recruiting and Retaining Emergency Physicians to Rural Emergency Departments

Conventional gardening leads to major negative effects such as soil degradation, water pollution, biodiversity loss, and health risks for the population. Face to those challenges, organic vegetable farming certified by the Participatory Guarantee System (Bio-PGS) is emerging as a sustainable alternative. This study explores its socio-economic and environmental impacts in urban, peri-urban, and rural areas of the Kadiogo province of Burkina Faso. Data was collected by survey from 20 key informants and 102 Bio-PGS producers. Descriptive analysis and statistical tests (Chi-Square and Fisher) has been applied. In peri-urban, rural, and urban areas, women represent 100%, 76.47%, and 96.83% of producers, respectively. Yields declining, high cost of chemical inputs, and distribution network encourage producers to adopt market gardening of certified bio participatory guarantee system. For biopesticides chili pepper, garlic, and papaya leaf mixture was the most commonly used in urban (60%), rural (12%) and peri urban (19%) areas. As for bio-fertilizers compost (63%) were mostly used in urban areas, Bokassi and compost (17%) in rural areas and Bokassi (21%) in peri-urban areas. Resource-saving practices were reported by 100% of producers in peri-urban areas, 94.12% in rural areas and 46.03% in urban areas. There was a significant difference at the 1% level between peri-urban and urban areas (p < 0.0001) and between rural and urban areas (p = 0.0014). Intercropping was practiced by all farmers in peri-urban areas, 30.77% in rural areas and 63.41% in urban areas. There was a significant difference between the proportions in peri-urban and rural areas (p < 0.0001) and between peri-urban and urban areas (p = 0.0015). Repellant plants were used by 22.77% of producers in peri-urban areas, 100% in rural areas and 78.05% in urban areas. There was a significant difference at the 1% level between the proportions in peri-urban and rural areas (p = 0.0003) and between peri-urban and urban areas (p = 0.0116). Individual producers (98.89%), producers with market access (66.67%), of producers who are members of an association (100%) and Amaranthus producers (96.47%) had an income between 0 and 500,000 CFA francs, with a significant difference compared to those with an income above 500,000 CFA francs. For maximizing Bio-PGS potential, additional efforts are needed, particularly in terms of institutional support and consumer awareness. Key words: Bio-PGS certification, Burkina Faso, Incomes, Vegetable farming, Sustainability

Background/Aim: Although urbanization has been an important topic in heat vulnerability studies, the complex role of urbanization, which can be different in urban and rural regions, has rarely been studied. We investigated the disparate roles of urbanization between urban and rural areas. Methods: We collected nationwide daily data for all 229 local authority districts in South Korea during 2011-2017. The districts were classified into urban (147 districts) and rural (82 districts) areas, based on the administrative districts. We applied three demographic variables (percentage of the urban population, population number, and population density) as urbanization indicators and also used medical-social environment indices to explain the role of urbanization. Results: There was no evident difference in the heat-mortality risk between urban and rural areas, and the role of urbanization was different in urban and rural areas; the higher urbanization level was associated with lower heat-mortality risk in rural areas, however, with lower heat-mortality risk in urban areas (i.e. the U-shaped relationship). The number of beds in hospital per person was associated with this U-shaped relationship, and the linkage was more evident in urban areas than in rural areas, and in the highest urbanized areas within urban areas. Meanwhile, the lower quality of health-related life and lower social gatherings were related to higher heat-mortality risk in rural areas. Conclusions: We found the urbanization level was linked in the opposite direction to the heat vulnerability in urban and rural areas, and the lower accessibility to hospital beds observed in rural and the highest urbanized areas was associated with higher heat vulnerability. Furthermore, regional indicators related to heat vulnerability were also heterogeneous between urban and rural areas. These results can contribute to understanding the complex role of urbanization in heat vulnerability and to establish evidence-based region-specific policies.

Burn injuries among children under five remain a significant public health concern globally, particularly in low- and middle-income countries like Tanzania. Despite various national efforts, the burden and associated factors of burns, particularly in relation to rural-urban differences, have not been well-documented in the Dodoma Region. The study aimed to compare the prevalence of burn wounds and associated factors among children under five years old between rural and urban areas in Dodoma Region. An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from May to June 2025, involving 299 children under five years from both rural and urban areas in the Dodoma Region. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS version 27 with descriptive and inferential statistics. Overall, the prevalence of burn wounds for children under five was 78 (26%) for both urban and rural areas. By categorizing, 31 (39.7%) of burn wound cases were from urban areas, and 47 (60.3%) cases were from rural areas. In rural areas, good caregiver supervision was associated with the majority of children under five ending up with no burn wound (χ2 = 4.16, P = 0.04). The household hazards in urban areas were associated with burn wounds among children under-five (χ2 = 17.69, P < 0.001). In rural areas, the under-five children without risk behaviours were associated with most of under five children ending up with no burn wound (χ2 = 4.31, P = 0.038). Moreover, several participants' sociodemographic characteristics were associated with the prevalence of burn wounds. This study found that burn injuries among under-five children in the Dodoma region are more prevalent in rural areas than in urban areas. In comparing predictors of burn wounds in rural and urban areas, a major contributing factor to burn wounds in rural areas is poor caregiver supervision, while the predictor of burn wounds in urban areas is household hazards.

BackgroundAging in place is the crucial object of long-term care policy worldwide. Approximately 15.6–19.4 % of people aged 15 or above live with a disability, and 15.3 % of them have moderate or severe disabilities. The allocation of home nursing care services is therefore an important issue. Service providers in Taiwan vary substantially across regions, and between rural and urban areas. There are no appropriate indices for describing the capacity of providers that it is due to the distances from care recipients. This study therefore aimed to describe and compare distance barriers for home nursing care providers using indices of the “profit willing distance” and the “tolerance limited distance”.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted during 2012 and 2013 using geocoding and a geographic information system to identify the distance from the providers’ locations to participants’ homes in urban (Taipei City) and rural (Hualien County) areas in Taiwan. Data were collected in-person by professionals in Taiwanese hospitals using the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0. The indices were calculated using regression curves, and the first inflection points were determined as the points on the curves where the first and second derivatives equaled 0.ResultsThere were 5627 participants from urban areas and 956 from rural areas. In urban areas, the profit willing distance was 550–600 m, and we were unable to identify them in rural areas. This demonstrates that providers may need to supply services even when there is little profit. The tolerance limited distance were 1600–1650 m in urban areas and 1950–2000 m in rural areas. In rural areas, 33.3 % of those living inside the tolerance limited distance and there was no provider within this distance, but this figure fell to just 13.9 % in urban areas. There were strong disparities between urban and rural areas in home nursing care resource allocation.ConclusionsOur new “profit willing distance” and the “tolerance limited distance” are considered to be clearer and more equitable than other evaluation indices. They have practical application in considering resource distribution issues around the world, and in particular the rural–urban disparities for public resource.

The presence of heavy metals in indoor dust is a world-wide concern owing to its negative impact on humans. In this study, we collected indoor dust samples from urban and rural residential areas during the heating season in Taiyuan City. We then identified the concentrations of 11 heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Pb, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, V, As, and Hg) using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Based on the concentrations, we categorized the pollution levels of indoor dust using the geo-accumulation index and the pollution load index. We further identified the sources of heavy metals using the enrichment factor and principal component analysis. Finally, we evaluated the potential ecological risks of heavy metals via the potential ecological index. The results illustrated that ① with the exception of Co, Mn, and V, the mean concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, As, Zn, and Hg in indoor dust were higher than the soil background values of Shanxi Province. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the concentrations of Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Hg between the urban and rural areas. ② Overall, the pollution degree of heavy metals in indoor dust was identified as moderate in the urban area of Taiyuan City, but slight in the rural area. The indoor dust sample in the urban area was not contaminated by Co, Mn, and V. However, it was slightly polluted by As, Ni, and Hg. In addition, it was close to moderately polluted by Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn. In the rural area, the pollution degrees of all the metals, except for Hg and V, in indoor dust were lower than those in the urban area. ③ The As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Hg in indoor dust for both urban and rural areas might have mainly originated from anthropogenic sources. The pollution sources were mainly transportation and industry in the urban area and coal combustion and indoor smoking in the rural area. The Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, and V in indoor dust in Taiyuan City might have mainly originated from natural sources. ④ The ecological risk of heavy metal pollution in indoor dust for both the urban and rural areas of Taiyuan City was relatively high, with integrated ecological risk indexes of 359.43 and 471.02 in the urban and rural areas, respectively. In addition, Cd and Hg were the largest contributors.

To analyze the incidence and mortality trends of female breast cancer in urban and rural areas of Beijing from 2004 to 2008. The incidence and mortality data of female breast cancer from 2004 to 2008 were sorted from Beijing Cancer Registry Database, including 15 527 new diagnosed cases and 3219 deceased cases in total, covering population 29 351 258 person years; among which 11 065 new cases and 2378 deceased cases were from urban areas, covering 17 877 128 person years and 4462 new diagnosed cases and 841 deceased cases were from rural areas, covering 11 474 130 person years. The incidence cases aged 25 and above were divided into 13 age groups by 5 years. The cases under 49 years (≤ 49) and over 49 years (> 49) were separately defined as premenopausal group and postmenopausal group. Incidence and mortality rates in each year, age-specific incidence and mortality rates in urban and rural areas in Beijing were calculated. The annual standard incidence and mortality rates were adjusted by world population constitution; and the incidence rates ratio in different years related to the place of residence, urban or rural were calculated. JoinPoint software was applied to analyze the incidence trend and calculated the annual percentage of changing (APC). The age of female breast cancer patients in urban Beijing in 2004 was (55.83 ± 13.01), while it changed to (56.10 ± 12.80) in 2008, increasing by 0.27 years old. The proportion of the patients who were under 49 years declined from 38.32% (732/1910) in 2004 to 34.02% (894/2628) in 2008. While the average age of the patients in rural areas have improved 0.21 year old, from (52.15 ± 11.33) years old in 2004 to (52.36 ± 11.59) years old in 2008; and the proportion of the patients under 49 years also declined from 45.44% (314/691) in 2004 to 43.40% (454/1046) in 2008. From 2004 to 2008, the incidence and mortality rate of female breast cancer in urban areas of Beijing separately rose from 55.43/100 000 (1910/3 445 812) and 10.65/100 000 (367/3 445 812) to 70.70/100 000 (2628/3 717 436) and 15.01/100 000 (558/3 717 436). And in rural areas, those rates separately rose from 30.60/100 000 (691/2 257 953) and 5.54/100 000 (125/2 257 953) in 2004 to 44.78/100 000 (1046/2 336 040) and 7.49/100 000 (175/2 336 040) in 2008. After adjusting by world population constitution, the difference showed no statistical significance in mortality trend of female breast cancer in rural areas of Beijing (P > 0.05). In year 2004, the female breast cancer incidence rate ratio of urban to rural areas in Beijing fluctuated between 1.34 and 4.47, with the average ratio value at 1.81. In year 2008, the ratio value fluctuated between 1.15 and 2.37, with the average ratio value at 1.57. During 2004 and 2008, the peak age group of the female breast cancer incidence in urban areas was in 60 - 64 years old group, with the rate of 126.92/100 000 (998/786 300) whereas the mortality rate was increasing within aging. In rural areas the peak age groups of the incidence and mortality were separately in 50 - 54 and 80 - 84 years old groups, with the rate of 80.63/100 000 (793/983 516) and 29.17/100 000 (40/137 132) respectively. The incidence and mortality of breast cancer in urban areas in Beijing, as well as the incidence of breast cancer in rural areas in Beijing showed increasing trend annually. The gap in breast cancer incidence between rural and urban areas in Beijing was narrowing, while the incidence rate among different aging groups and the peak mortality rate showed significant difference between urban and rural areas in Beijing.

Background : Anorexia nervosa is a psychological illness, characterized by an obsessive desire to lose weight by refusing to eat. The typical onset of anorexia nervosa occurs between the ages of 14-18. Currently, there is a growing weight loss culture and anorexia nervosa is becoming an increasingly salient issue in nursing care. While anorexia nervosa is a widely researched topic, the writer found there to be limited research into difficul es nursing staff are faced with when caring for the anorexic adolescent1. Objec ves: 1. To assess the knowledge regarding anorexia nervosa among adolescent girls in urban and rural area. 2. To evaluate the effec veness of planned teaching regarding anorexia nervosa among adolescent girls in urban and rural area. 3. To compare the knowledge regarding anorexia nervosa among adolescent girls in urban and rural area. Materials and methods: Quasi-experimental, one group pre- test, post- test research design were used. Interven onal research approach is used in this study. Non-probability convenience sampling technique was used. Sample size was 60 Adolescent girls from rural area and 60 adolescent girls from urban area. Results : The overall mean pre-test and post-test knowledge scores of adolescent girls from urban and rural areas, which reveals that pre-test mean knowledge score was higher 8.63 with SD of ±2.35 when compared with urban area mean knowledge score value which was 5.03 with SD of ±1.93 and post test mean knowledge score was higher 17.25 with SD of ±2.05 when compared with urban area mean knowledge score value which was 12.71 with SD of ±2.56. Hence it is interpret that the adolescent girls, residing in rural area compara vely having more knowledge than the adolescent girls residing in urban area. Conclusion : Present study reveals that, out of 120 adolescent girls, 48.3% of adolescent girls from urban area and 3.3% from rural area had poor level of pre-test knowledge score, 45% from urban and 43.3% from rural area had average, 6.67% from urban area and 48.3% from rural area had good and 5% of the adolescent girls from rural area had very good level of pre-test knowledge score

BackgroundFamily planning remains essential to ensure women’s autonomy, health, and maternal health outcomes and safeguard population expansion. Knowledge is needed to understand how modern contraceptives are used in both urban and rural areas in Indonesia. The objective of this study was to analyze the utilisation of modern contraceptives between rural and urban areas in Western Indonesia as well as associated factors.MethodsA cross-sectional study using secondary data from the nationally representative 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS). Bivariate and multiple logistic regression were conducted to analyse the data.ResultsTwelve thousand eight hundred thirty-one married women aged 15 to 49 became the sample of this study, with 6,955 (54.2%) residing in urban areas and 5,876 (45.8%) in rural areas, utilising current contraceptive methods. The research revealed that from the users-only data, 86.3% of married women in urban areas and 92.2% in rural areas used modern contraception. Rural married women aged 20–44 exhibited greater odds of utilising modern contraception compared to their urban counterparts. Married women aged 15–24 in rural areas had 4.0 times higher odds of using modern contraception than their urban counterparts. Married women with no education had higher odds of using modern contraceptives in both urban (4.8 times) and rural areas (3.9 times). In urban areas, those with 1–3 children had 5.9 times higher odds compared to women with ≥ 7 children, while in rural areas, women with no children had 5.0 times higher odds. Urban women in the second wealth index had 1.2 times higher odds compared to those in the lowest, and in rural areas, women in the highest wealth index had 1.9 times higher odds.ConclusionModern contraceptive use is similar in urban and rural areas of Western Indonesia, with sociodemographic factors significantly influencing use. Key differences include the impact of education, number of children, and wealth index, with lower use among women with secondary education and those in the lowest wealth group. Family planning efforts should target education gaps, promote early family planning, and expand access to services for low-income women, while also strengthening outreach to wealthier urban women.

Differences of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption by sex and region in China: a population-based, multi-stage, cluster sampling survey

Head injuries in adolescents in Taiwan: a comparison between urban and rural groups

IntroductionThe use of solid fuels for cooking is associated with indoor pollution and lung diseases. The objective of the study was to determine the pattern and determinants of household sources of energy for cooking in rural and urban South Western, Nigeria.MethodsWe conducted a cross sectional study of households in urban (Ado-Ekiti) and rural (Ido-Ekiti) local council areas from April to July 2010. Female respondents in the households were interviewed by trained interviewers using a semi-structured questionnaire.ResultsA total of 670 households participated in the study. Majority of rural dwellers used single source of energy for cooking (55.6%) and urban dwellers used multiple source of energy (57.8%). Solid fuel use (SFU) was higher in rural (29.6%) than in urban areas (21.7%). Kerosene was the most common primary source of energy for cooking in both urban and rural areas (59.0% vs.66.6%) followed by gas (17.8%) and charcoal (6.6%) in the urban areas, and firewood (21.6%) and charcoal (7.1%) in the rural areas. The use of solid fuel was strongly associated with lack of ownership of dwellings and larger household size in urban areas, and lower level of education and lower level of wealth in the rural areas. Kerosene was associated with higher level of husband education and modern housing in urban areas and younger age and indoor cooking in rural areas. Gas was associated with high income and modern housing in the urban areas and high level of wealth in rural areas. Electricity was associated with high level of education, availability of electricity and old age in urban and rural areas respectively.ConclusionThe use of solid fuel is high in rural areas, there is a need to reduce poverty and improve the use of cleaner source of cooking energy particularly in rural areas and improve lung health.

Introduction: Malnutrition among toddlers can be correlated to family characteristics, access to food and the socio-economic background of the family in rural and urban areas. These situations influence the children’s nutrition status. Objectives: To identify the prevalence of malnutrition and the related factors among toddlers in rural and urban areas based on family characteristics in Aceh Province, Indonesia. Method: A cross-sectional study was performed among 600 households with toddlers in rural and urban areas. A self-administered questionnaire was used to measure family characteristics. The toddlers’ height and weight were measured to identify their nutritional status. Data were analysed using Chi-square. Results: The prevalence of malnutrition among toddlers was higher in urban areas than in rural areas with underweight (59.7% vs. 40.3%), stunting (51.0% vs. 49.0%), and wasting (52.3% vs. 47.7%). There were no differences between underweight and stunting problems in urban and rural areas (p> 0.05). However, there were differences between wasting in urban and rural areas, related to mothers’ education (p= 0.031) and mothers’ occupation (p= 0.014) Conclusions: Mothers’ education and the mothers’ job status were significantly different regarding their effect on the child’s wasted status in rural and urban areas (p Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health, 2020; 49(3): 263-268

ObjectivesThe objective of the study was to measure food security among Syrian refugees residing in urban and rural areas in Florida. Women's education, English proficiency, and nutrition knowledge were assessed to indicate their effects on food security in this population.MethodsOne-on-one interview questionnaires were administered to Syrian refugee households residing in Florida (n=80: n=43 in rural areas and n=37 in urban areas). The main outcomes were food insecurity, nutrition knowledge, English adequacy, and women's education.ResultsThe main outcome of this study was the food security status among Syrian refugees residing in Florida. Among the total households, 80% were food insecure, and food insecurity was greater in rural areas (60.9%) than in urban areas (39.1%). The majority (57.5%) of participants scored fair nutrition knowledge. One-way frequency analysis showed that 75% of households had inadequate English. Around 23.7% of Syrian refugee women had a high school diploma or higher. Among these women, 68.4% were residing in urban areas. The chi-squared test showed significant differences in women's education in rural and urban areas (p=0.03). Nutrition knowledge was higher in urban areas compared to rural areas. The chi-squared test showed a significant difference in nutrition knowledge in urban and rural areas (p=0.04). The result of the multivariate logistic regression model indicated that the type of residence, rural vs urban areas, had an inverse significant effect on food security after controlling for our variables. Syrian refugees in rural areas had 79.9 greater odds of being food insecure compared with urban areas (odds ratio: 0.201, 95% CI: 0.053-0.758, p=0.01).ConclusionsNutrition knowledge, English adequacy, and women's education may be less important than types of residence. The type of residence is a contributing factor to food insecurity in Syrian refugees residing in Florida. A larger sample size would allow a clearer understanding of the relation of our variables with food insecurity.