Inanimate nature vocabulary of the Yakut language with a zoonymic component: structural and semantic ways of nomination

This article explores the syntactic models of existential constructions in the Yakut language. It examines the model of the beginning of existence, event, and action in relation to the problem of identifying core and peripheral means of expression as elements of the field of functional-semantic categories. The relevance of this article stems from modern approaches to the study of the Yakut language as a system represented by multi-level means of expression. The sentence, as the basic syntactic unit, is represented in a model that «unites the invariants of minimal structural schemas that ensure sentence completeness and the generalized propositions associated with them». The structural model of the beginning of existence, event, or action in the Yakut language consists of a subject and an existential predicate, expressed by verbs of being. The typical meaning of the model is «to begin (to start) one's existence, to appear (to appear), to become (to become) existing; to begin (to start) performing some action, to be accomplished, to occur». This study is based on a functional-semantic approach to studying linguistic phenomena, which assumes a holistic organization of universal semantic categories. The study utilizes a continuous sampling method to gather material from lexicographic sources, a modeling method, and a glossing method to present illustrative material. A novel feature is the presentation of a model of the beginning of existence, event, and action as a component of the functional-semantic field of being in the Yakut language. The basis of this study is the functional-semantic approach to the study of language phenomena, which assumes a holistic organization of universal semantic categories. The study used the continuous sampling method when forming material from lexicographic sources, and the glossing method to present illustrative material. What is new is the presentation of the model of causation of the beginning of existence as a component of the functional-semantic field of beingness in the Yakut language. It has been determined that the subject of the syntactic model under consideration can be expressed by a noun, a substantivized adjective, or a pronoun in the primary case in the plural or singular, denoting an animate or inanimate person. The predicate of this model can be expressed by basic verbs representing the subgroup of the beginning of existence of the lexical-semantic group of verbs of being, such as sagalan (to begin), teree (to give birth, to be born, to be born), yeskee (to be born, to originate from, to occur, to be born from somewhere, to grow up somewhere).

The article is devoted to the study of models of existential constructions in the Yakut language. It examines the causation model of the beginning of existence in accordance with the principles of functional and semantic analysis. The relevance of this article is due to modern approaches in the study of the Yakut language as a system represented by multi-level means of its expression. The sentence as the main syntactic unit is displayed in a model that "combines the invariants of the minimal structural schemes that ensure the completeness of the sentence, and the generalized propositions associated with them." The structural scheme of the causation model of the beginning of existence in the Yakut language consists of a subject, an object and a predicate of an existential type expressed by verbs of the initial phase of being, existence. The typical meaning of the model is "to give the beginning to any event, phenomenon, contribute to the appearance, emergence of someone or something." The basis of this study is a functional-semantic approach to the study of language phenomena, which assumes a holistic organization of universal semantic categories. The study uses the continuous sampling method in the formation of material from lexicographic sources, the modeling method, and the glossing method to represent illustrative material. The presentation of the causation model of the beginning of existence as a component of the functional and semantic field of being in the Yakut language is new. It is revealed that the subject and object of the considered model can be stated by a noun, a pronoun, denoting an animate or inanimate person. In accordance with the forms of the subject and object included in the structural composition of the specified model, variants of its structural type are determined. It is established that in this model, such verbs of being as tөrүtte ‛to found, create something; to start something, olohtoo ‛ to inhabit, settle, infuse; can be used as a predicate, to establish; justify’, saҕalaa‛to start any action; to begin’, tөrөt‛to give birth.

The article is devoted to the existential constructions in the Yakut language using the prose works of P.A. Oyunsky, the founder of Yakut Soviet literature, the statesman and public figure, the scientist-linguist. The existential constructions in the Yakut language based on functional-semantic analysis are considered.The relevance of this article is substantiated by the application of modern approaches to the study of the Yakut language, which presuppose a holistic organization of universal semantic categories. The study is based on the proposition that the sentence as a basic syntactic unit, is reflected in a model that «combines the invariants of minimal structural schemes that ensure the completeness of the sentence and the generalized propositions associated with them» [10, pp. 64-76]. The structural diagram of the syntactic model of the beginning of existence in the Yakut language consists of a subject, an object and a predicate of the existential type, expressed by verbs of the initial phase of being, existence. The typical meaning of the model of the beginning of existence, event, action is «to begin (to start) one's existence, to appear (to appear), to become (to become) existing; to begin (to start) to carry out any actions, to be accomplished, to occur» [3, p. 367]. The method of continuous sampling in forming the material from lexicographic sources, the method of modeling, the method of glossing for the presentation of illustrative material are applied in the study. A new feature is the presentation of the model of the beginning of existence, event, action as a component of the functional-semantic field of being in the Yakut language based on the material of prose artistic texts by P.A. Oyunsky. Verbal means of expression denoting the beginning of existence, event, action in the aforementioned texts are determined. It has been revealed that one of the such means are the existential verbs teree ‛to give birth, to be born, to be born’, yeskee ‛to be born, to occur from something, to happen, to be from somewhere, to grow up somewhere’ and their derivative forms (participles and adverbial participles). Verbal means of expressing the beginning of an event or action in the prose texts by P.A. Oyunsky also include analytical constructions (adverbial participle ending in - an + auxiliary verb), formed with the help of the auxiliary verbs bar- (tonon bar- ʽto start to freezeʼ, buolan bar- ʽto start to beʼ), er- (suuyan er- ʽto start to washʼ). The models of the beginning of existence, event, and action, on which the existential constructions in the texts under consideration are based, have been established.

Semantic studies of verbal lexemes as a special class of words that are significant and central in the sentence remain an urgent issue in modern linguistics. The article reveals the functioning of standards of comparison (the term introduced be Maya Cheremisina to denote common natural references used in comparative constructions to evaluate, estimate or grade the effect caused by an action) with the verbs meaning “negative impact on the object”. The study is based on the material of the Yakut language and literature. The paper uses a lexico-semantic approach and the method of continuous sampling for collecting the material from lexicographic sources and fiction.Verbs of physical negative impact on the object are divided into the following subgroups: 1) verbs damaging an object; 2) verbs striking an object; 3) verbs of great impact on the object, harming it up to bringing it to death. In comparative constructions with the verbs of this lexical-semantic group two types prevail: 1) constructions using the affix -lyy; 2) constructions with the postposition kurduk ʽas if, likeʼ. In comparative constructions, the situational-emotional type of comparison is more common. Standards of comparison are used mainly when describing a mental state, various situations or the appearance of something. Verbs with the meaning of striking as a standard of comparison in the Yakut language are mainly used to describe sudden shock or confusion. Verbs with the meaning 'beat with a whip, rod or willow' and verbs with the meaning ʽsting, buttʼ are compared to an action that occurs all of a sudden, impetuously. Verbs with the meaning ʽhit, prick, stab a thing with an objectʼ are used when comparing an action with a description of any sound, noise or physiological actions that happen with the body. Verbs with the meaning 'deteriorate an inanimate object or damage some part of it' are mainly used to describe the appearance of something.

The article deals with the semantics of the terms ӱrӱŋ and maŋan denoting white colour in the Yakut language. The aim of the article is to study the development of the words. The research material is based on lexicographical sources and the text of the epic poem – Olonkho. The novelty of this work is the comparative analysis of the Yakut colour terms with the South Siberian and Manchu-Tungus languages and establishment of their relationships. Two words having different origin and nature reflect different stages of language development and its historical connections. The term ӱrӱŋ dates back to ancient Eastern Turkic languages and has a sacred nature associated with early beliefs. The lexeme has a fixed distribution and retains the semantic structure. The adjective ӱrӱŋ has a great word-formation and phraseological potential; it is a component of complex words, pair-words and phraseological units. As in the Old Turkic language, the word performs the function of a noun. In the text, it acts as a permanent epithet to the word kӱn ‘sun’. Compared to the word ӱrӱŋ the term maŋan is an innovation, borrowed from the Mongolian language in connection with horse-breeding culture. Another loanword chaɤān is rarely used. Not only the adjective, but also the verb manxaix was borrowed from Mongolian into Yakut. In the adjective there was a semantic shift; in the Yakut language the meaning ‘white’ is updated, and the meaning ‘with an asterisk on the forehead’ fades into the background. In combination with other adjectives and nouns, the word maŋan forms compound color names that express different shades of white, as well as its saturation and brightness. The word maŋan has considerably expanded the area of use, replacing in some cases the function of the adjective ӱrӱŋ. In the epic text, the word serves as a permanent epithet of the word xallaan ‘heaven’. The word maŋan connects the Yakut language not only with the Mongolian and Manchu- Tungus languages, but also with the South Siberian languages, Khakass and Tuvan. In the system of colour terms, the word maŋan can be one of the common elements of the Siberian languages.

The article discusses linguistic contacts of the Turkic languages. The research was based on the common Turkic vocabulary of the Yakut language, namely words denoting animal body parts. The paper focuses on the comparative-historical aspect of the ancient Turkic and modern Turkic languages. The authors described the lexical-semantic and phonostructural features of Yakut words denoting animal body parts that have a common Turkic origin. The methods included continuous sampling method from lexicographic sources, as well as descriptive and comparative methods. The semantic transitions of Turkic lexical reflexes from the Praturk system to the modern form revealed that words denoting animal body parts represent the most ancient layer of the Yakut vocabulary. It consists of vocabulary common for most Turkic languages and belongs to stable categories. As part of the phonological analysis, the authors determined phonostructural types and characteristics of the phonological system of lexical reflexes, the nature of the stability and variability of lexemes, and the main causes of the instability of the phonostructures of the word stems of other Turkic languages in the Yakut language. An analysis of the lexical-semantic features of the Yakut words for animal body parts in comparison with their lexical parallels in other Turkic languages revealed the nature of stability and variability of the lexical meanings of the stems for specific Turkic language.

The article studies dialect names of the bear in the Sakha language in terms of word-formation. We analyze more than 140 different Sakha names of the bear collected from various lexicographic sources and from more than 100 native speakers, experts and keepers of the traditional culture of the indigenous and small peoples of Yakutia which were recorded during scientific expeditions since 2017. A significant amount of valuable linguistic material is introduced and analyzed for the first time. The study shows that many dialect names of the bear are based on several groups of motivational features: external – color, shape, other characteristics of the body; behavioral – manner of movement, habits, habitat; anthropomorphism – kinship terms, title lexemes and humanization. A brief etymological analysis shows that in the bear names and the traditional culture of the peoples of Siberia, the North and the Far East, the cult of the bear has a totemic and commercial basis and is traditionally associated with the idea of him as a deity, an ancestor, and a person. The general idea of the bear as a venerable elder is universal for many peoples of Russia.

The article deals with a topical problem of preserving the languages of the peoples of Russia - the development of terminology in the Yakut language. By the example of one dialect unit (хаалык ‘ski stick’), the author traces the roots of its successful terminologization in the traditional occupation of the Yakuts - hunting, and in the active development of the northern territories of Russia. It is shown that historical, ethnographic, folklore and lexicographical sources and materials prove the uniformity of the semantics of this dialect unit, which makes it possible to enrich gradually the modern standard words of the Yakut language.

The article is devoted to the problem of spelling adaptation of the words borrowed from the Russian language in the Yakut language. The aim of the research is to analyze the peculiarities of the Russian consonants transmission in the beginning of borrowed words by means of the Yakut language. The study is based on the material extracted from modern lexicographic sources: published volumes of “The Big Explanatory Dictionary of the Yakut Language” and “Spelling Dictionary of the Yakut Language.” The theoretical basis for the study are the methodological provisions of N. D. Dyachkovskiy on the description of the system of Yakut language consonants. The main methods of work are the continuous sampling method, lexicographic analysis method, descriptive method. The results of the analysis of spelling changes of Russisms that have undergone phonetic development are presented. It is shown that at the stage of adaptation, the stems of borrowings can maintain the original spelling or undergo various transformations in accordance with the principles of writing, prevailing in the theory and practice of Yakut writing. The author explains that the changes are determined by the difference in the phonetic systems of the Russian and Yakut languages. The obtained results can be used in the practice of compiling “The One-Volume Explanatory Dictionary of the Yakut Language.”

This article presents an analysis of naming strategies for plants in the Yakut (Turkic) language. The purpose of this study is to consider the motivational features of herbaceous plant names and to identify the features of the cognitive mechanisms of plant naming. The present study analyzes a corpus of 52 Yakut plants including important taxa such as ta:lǰït 〈таалдьыт〉 Holosteum umbellatum L., sutugax talax 〈сутугах талах〉 Salix pyrolifolia, Ledeb., timäx ot säbirdäxte:x ärbähin 〈тимэх от сэбирдэхтээх эрбэhин〉 Artemisia tanacetifolia L., among others. The corpus was selected via continuous sampling using published dictionaries and lexicographic sources. Our results show that motivational features fall into the following groups based on ecology, utility, and sensation: place of growth, use in medicine/economic activity, and plant appearance or smell.

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The article is devoted to the research of possessive semantics elements in privative verbs in the English and Ukrainian languages. The study is based on the corpus obtained by continuous sampling from lexicographic sources (947 units in English and 1015 units in Ukrainian). The methodology of the research is characterised by complex approach and includes general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, systematization, and generalization) and linguistic methods (continuous sampling, definition, componential analysis, interpretation formulae, comparative and descriptive methods, statistics).The method of interpretation formulae construction, which served as a basis for the research, allowed to find out that in privative verbs the following 3 components belong to the possessive semantics: possessor (B), possessive relation between the possessor and the possessee (V2), and possessee (C). It is established that semantic classification of the units under study can be developed according to all three elements of the possessive semantics, i. e. possessive relation allows to single out verbs of inalienable and alienable possession; the possessor semantics gives possibility to stratify the units into animate (human / animal) and inanimate (concrete objects, plants, abstract notion); the possessee semantics demonstrates that they can be distributed into more concrete objects, e. g. body parts, possession objects belonging to personal sphere, abstract notion, etc. In addition, it is found that the privative verbs can specify the possessee semantics, e. g. Eng. to amputate, Ukr. ампутувати; or have general indication of the possessive object, identifying the shape, size, location, etc.

The present article describes the semantic features of names of persons functioning in the modern Russian language. The materials of the study were obtained from the Russian National Corpus, Russian dictionaries, texts of research articles on pedagogical issues, the information lexicographic resource "New in Russian vocabulary. Dictionary materials", and others. Changes occurring in the modern educational sphere have an impact on the Russian language vocabulary since the emergence of new lexical units as well as the development of new meanings of lexemes already functioning in a particular thematic group becomes necessary to denote new phenomena in the modern educational process.It is relevant to study words that have become current in modern Russian written and spoken language but are not included in lexicographical sources. Such research using continuous sampling of factual material, descriptive and statistical methods, analysis and synthesis, componential analysis as well as analysis of the socio-cultural context enables one to determine the meanings of new naming units, describe the specific features of their combinability, and identify their syntagmatic potential. As a result of the conducted research, we identified 213 names of persons, i. e., naming units for educators, students, and heads of educational institutions engaged in the educational process at different levels of education. Next, we analysed semantic changes of the vocabulary in the educational activity sphere, identified new lexical units and described their meanings. Additionally, lexical units in groups of synonyms were analysed. The obtained results of the study enable us to identify dynamic lexical semantic processes, the development of syntagmatic and paradigmatic properties of lexical units naming persons in the educational sphere. The conclusion emphasises the importance of derivational word formation in the neologisation of the modern Russian language as well as the outlook for studying new word families evolving in the language.

This paper focuses on RDF and ontology and semantic-enable geo-spatial data discovery and integration. The Wuhan administrative semantic model as a part of urban topographical semantic model was firstly proposed to support the service utilities discovery in the urban area. Based on Oracle 11g semantic tools, the semantic model is stored into database, and ontology based querying, rule based reasoning, and ontology enable data discovery and integration are implemented. The experiment results are presented and analyzed in this paper, which show this semantic way can provide much more flexible, smart discovery ability that the traditional way can't offer, and semantic enable data discovery and integration has a good application prospect.

The article considers the problem of orthographic variability in the modern Yakut language. The paper aims to describe variant (hyphenated or non-hyphenated) spellings of the Yakut words. Scientific originality of the study lies in the fact that the author for the first time analyses orthographical variants of the Yakut language by the material of normative lexicographical sources. The findings indicate that orthographic variability most often manifests itself in the usage of hyphen. It is shown that the problem of orthographic variability is poorly investigated and requires further study.