Abstract
Limited information of fungicide efficacy on cultivated mushrooms and resistance development potential is available. Minor crop industries in general have a smaller arsenal of protectants to rely on and the likelihood of resistance build-up is of greater concern. This study focused on Cladobotryum mycophilum's sensitivity to carbendazim and prochloraz manganese following recent reports on decreased efficacy of both fungicides. The median effective dose (ED50) values for carbendazim ranged between 0.02 mg/L and 4.31 mg/L with 60% of the South African isolates being moderately resistant. The highest resistance factor for carbendazim was 215. Prochloraz manganese ED50 values varied from 0.00001 mg/L to 0.55 mg/L. A significant difference in mean ED50 values for both fungicides tested was observed. Using cluster analysis, no discrimination of isolates previously exposed and unexposed to prochloraz manganese was observed. A wide range of differences in ED50 values indicated moderate resistance to carbendazim and high sensitivity to prochloraz manganese among isolates under investigation. Discriminant analysis indicated significant differences between clusters contributed by one or a few variables. This study provided evidence that prochloraz manganese remains highly fungitoxic to C. mycophilum. However, prochloraz manganese is to be used in a disease management strategy in combination with strict farm hygiene management strategies to retain product efficacy and ensure crop protection.
Highlights
IntroductionCobweb disease, caused by Cladobotryum dendroides (teleomorph Hypomyces rosellus) and Cladobotryum mycophilum (teleomorph Hypomyces odoratus), is one of the three major fungal diseases of the mushroom Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing.[1] Cladobotryum mycophilum is associated with cobweb disease in Australia, the mainland of Europe, the United States of America (USA) and South Africa
Cobweb disease, caused by Cladobotryum dendroides and Cladobotryum mycophilum, is one of the three major fungal diseases of the mushroom Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing.[1]
Blasting of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence against GenBank gave a 98–99% similarity to C. mycophilum for all isolates and IR23 was confirmed as H. rosellus (Table 1)
Summary
Cobweb disease, caused by Cladobotryum dendroides (teleomorph Hypomyces rosellus) and Cladobotryum mycophilum (teleomorph Hypomyces odoratus), is one of the three major fungal diseases of the mushroom Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing.[1] Cladobotryum mycophilum is associated with cobweb disease in Australia, the mainland of Europe, the United States of America (USA) and South Africa. The disease has since become an important obstacle to viable mushroom production in countries such as Australia[2], the UK and Serbia[6]. It is reported that the disease caused crop losses of up to 40% in 1994/1995 in the Irish and British mushroom industries as a result of serious spotting and early crop termination at the peak of the epidemic.[5] According to Potočnik et al.[6] and Back et al.[7,8], cobweb disease was first reported on A. bisporus in Serbia and Korea in 2007 and 2009, respectively. Sporadic cases of cobweb disease have been reported on several mushroom farms in South Africa during the summer months
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