Abstract
Anemone nemorosa is part of the Ranunculaceae genus Anemone (order Ranunculales) which comprises more than 150 species. Various parts of the plant have been used for the treatment of numerous medical conditions such as headaches, tertian agues, rheumatic gout, leprosy, lethargy, eye inflammation as well as malignant and corroding ulcers. The Anemone plants have been found to contain various medicinal compounds with anti-cancer, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-microbial activities. To date there has been no reported evidence of its use in the treatment of cancer. However, due to the reported abundance of saponins which usually exert anti-cancer activity via cell cycle arrest and the induction of apoptosis, we investigated the mode of cell death induced by an aqueous A. nemorosa extract by using HeLa cervical cancer cells. Cisplatin was used as a positive control. With a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 20.33 ± 2.480 µg/mL, treatment with A. nemorosa yielded a delay in the early mitosis phase of the cell cycle. Apoptosis was confirmed through fluorescent staining with annexin V-FITC. Apoptosis was more evident with A. nemorosa treatment compared to the positive control after 24 and 48 h. Tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester staining showed a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential at 24 and 48 h. The results obtained imply that A. nemorosa may have potential anti-proliferative properties.
Highlights
Normal physiological processes are maintained through a homeostatic balance between two very critical parts of the normal development and maturation cycle namely cell proliferation and cell death
To date there has been no evidence of the use of A. nemorosa for the treatment of cancer
Our results demonstrate that the crude aqueous extract of A. nemorosa may have anti-cancer potential
Summary
Normal physiological processes are maintained through a homeostatic balance between two very critical parts of the normal development and maturation cycle namely cell proliferation and cell death. Any alterations to this homeostatic balance can lead to diseases such as AIDS, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Apoptosis is characterized by: a reduction in mitochondrial transmembrane potential, intracellular acidification, cell shrinkage, DNA fragmentation and condensation, production of reactive oxygen species, externalization of phosphatidylserine and selective proteolysis of a subset of cellular proteins [2] It is sub-classified into two non-exclusive types of death pathways namely the extrinsic (receptor-mediated) and intrinsic (mitochondria-mediated) pathway [3]. Cancer cells have the ability to resist apoptotic insults by means of various mechanisms and a thorough understanding of these mechanisms is imperative to unravel the secret to designing more effective and targeted therapeutic strategies [4]
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