Abstract
Electrophysiological investigations reveal a great deal about the organization and function of the retina. In particular, investigations of explanted retinas with multi electrode arrays are widely used for basic and applied research purposes, offering high-resolution and detailed information about connectivity and structure. Low-resolution, non-invasive approaches are also widely used. Owing to its delicate nature, high-resolution electrophysiological investigations of the intact retina until now are sparse. In this Mini Review, we discuss progress, challenges and opportunities for electrode arrays suitable for high-resolution, multisite electrophysiological interfacing with the intact retina. In particular, existing gaps in achieving bi-directional electrophysiological investigation of the intact retina are discussed.
Highlights
Non-invasive electrophysiological interfaces for the retina are important in the study of the retina and the visual system
As the retina is an anatomical extension of the central nervous system (CNS), it may serve as a window to the brain (Meister and Berry, 1999), and retinal function may reflect neurological dysfunctions in psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson’s disease, to name three examples (Schwitzer et al, 2017)
In this mini-review, we present examples of neural interfaces that were applied for the study of the intact retina
Summary
Non-invasive electrophysiological interfaces for the retina are important in the study of the retina and the visual system. ERG could help in differentiating multiple sclerosis from neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, and schizophrenia from bipolar disorder (Filgueiras et al, 2019; Hébert et al, 2020) In these examples, a non-invasive electrophysiological study using ERG provided telltale information about both retina and brain conditions. On the other hand, spiking frequency within bursts was observed to be higher in the developing retina (above 10 Hz) (Stafford et al, 2009) This spontaneous spiking activity in the form of bursts and waves may have important applied implications as they may interfere with vision restoration strategies, as we further discuss below (Goo et al, 2016; Haselier et al, 2017; Im and Kim, 2020). Recent advances in soft electronics for neural interfacing offer new opportunities toward long-term high-resolution recordings and bi-directional interfacing with the intact retina In this mini-review, we present examples of neural interfaces that were applied for the study of the intact retina.
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