In Shanghe County Economic Development as an Example Based on Location Entropy Method Comparative Advantage Analysis

Scope of the Chapter This chapter discusses the meaning, calculation, and basic indicators of economic growth and development; the classification of rich and poor countries; the price-index problem; the distortion in comparing income per head between rich and poor countries; adjustments to income figures for purchasing power; alternative measures and concepts of the level of economic development besides income per head; the problems of alternative measures; and the costs and benefits of economic development. Growth and Development A major goal of poor countries is economic development or economic growth. The two terms are not identical. Growth may be necessary but not sufficient for development. Economic growth refers to increases in a country's production or income per capita (Box 2-1). Production is usually measured by gross national product (GNP) or gross national income (GNI), used interchangeably, an economy's total output of goods and services. Economic development refers to economic growth accompanied by changes in output distribution and economic structure. These changes may include an improvement in the material well-being of the poorer half of the population; a decline in agriculture's share of GNP and a corresponding increase in the GNP share of industry and services; an increase in the education and skills of the labor force; and substantial technical advances originating within the country. As with children, growth involves a stress on quantitative measures (height or GNP), whereas development draws attention to changes in capacities (such as physical coordination and learning ability, or the economy's ability to adapt to shifts in tastes and technology).

Poverty and HIV in sub-Saharan Africa

Scallops are economically important shellfish widely cultured in China. In this study, the agglomeration characteristics of the scallop aquaculture industry in Chinese coastal provinces were explored based on data from the China Fishery Statistical Yearbook from 2012 to 2020 and the comparative advantage and concentration level of the scallop breeding industry. The data were analyzed using the comprehensive relative advantage index, location entropy, and industrial concentration degree method. Two main results revealed that Hebei Province had the highest comparative advantage in terms of efficiency, followed by Fujian, Guangdong, Shandong, Guangxi, Liaoning, and Zhejiang Provinces. Hebei Province had the highest comparative advantage in scale, followed by Liaoning, Shandong, Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, and Zhejiang Provinces. Additionally, the scallop cultivation industry in Hebei, Shandong, and Liaoning Provinces showed a high concentration, and the proportion of scallop production in the national production (CR4) in the three provinces, as well as in Guangdong, accounted for more than 99% year-round. Overall, Hebei, Shandong, and Liaoning Provinces had a comparative advantage in scale, comprehensive comparative advantage, and industrial agglomeration.

Gross national product (GNP) is considered as one of the important indicators that reflect the ability of national economy to achieve the main objectives of the state including creation of employment opportunities, development of export potentials, and positive contribution in reduction of the deficits in the balance of payments and the balance of trade. Analysis of the most important components of the gross national income is of considerable importance that enables the identification of changing values of individual components of the gross national product. The study aimed at identifying causes of imbalance in the national economy through the following determination of the relative importance of Egyptian GNP and development of important economic indicators in the Egyptian national economy. Analysis and identification of the most important economic factors affecting expenditure on consumption, investment, exports and imports are mode through building single and multiple equation models aiming at identifying the most important economic factors affecting variables of the study. Moreover, forecasting the most are also mode important variables until.2020. Results obtained indicated that the household consumer expenditure in 2012 was equal to 158.5 billion Dollars representing 58% of the GNP, followed by Investment expenditure, representing 18% of GNP, followed by government expenditure, total exports and total imports representing 9%, 8% and 7%, respectively. Results obtained proved that the most important economic indicators increased annually with different rates during the study period. Studying of the mutual impact between GNP and the study variables through building an econometric model and applying two stage least square method. The model contains six equations for GNP, total investments, total imports, total exports, government expenditure, and household expenditure. In addition, an identification equation for the (GNP= household expenditure + Investment expenditure + Government expenditure + net international trade). The study proved that while the most important determinants of the Egyptian GNPare total investments, total exports and imports factors, mostly affect total investment are total GNP, total Egyptian exports and exchange rate Egyptian Pound. In addition, factors determining total Egyptian Imports are total exports and the exchange rate of the Egyptian Pound. Moreover, factors determining government expenditure are total exports and households consumption. Furthermore, the household consumption is highly affected by GNP and total indirect taxes. Forecasted values of the study variables are obtained by estimating single equation trend model and simultaneous equation model. Results obtained indicated that the forecasted value of the Egyptian GNP in 2020 will be equal to 334$ and 335 billion Dollars using single trend equation and simultaneous equation models, respectively. The forecasted total investment in 2020 is expected to be equal 64 billion dollars. The forecasted Total Egyptian imports and exports using single trend equation are 33.2, and 29.2, billion dollars, respectively. The forecasted values of total exports and imports in 2020 using simultaneous equation model are 32.8, and 830.1, respectively. Regarding Government expenditure results obtained indicated that the forecasted government expenditure is expected to take values of 31.9 and 51.4 billion dollars using single equation trend model and simultaneous equation model, respectively. Results related to the forecasted household expenditure in 2020 is expected to take values of $206.5 billion and $334 billion using single equation trend model and simultaneous equation model, respectively. Based on the research results, best forecasted values the study variables are obtained by using simultaneous equation models. This may be attributed to the fact that simultaneous equation mod- els takes into account all variables as well as the interactions between variables. Based on results the study recommend that the state would give the highest priority to economic policy that would lead to rationalization of household expenditure. In addition, aiming at reducing the Egyptian trade balance, policies that would lead to reduction of the gap between imports and exports by limiting imports and encouraging exports are highly recommended. Moreover, policies that increase and encourage investment, limit inflation, and control of prices of goods and services are expected to have positive impact on the Egyptian economy.

Injury is recognized as an important public health problem not only in high-income countries, but also in low- and middle-income countries. Other studies have shown inverse association between economic development and unintentional injury mortality (UIM) among children and young adults. In this study we aimed to examine the association between economic development and UIM rates among 45+ years-old populations within the theoretical framework of epidemiologic transition. The World Health Statistics Annual 1996 was used as the main source of data. The relationship between UIM rates and gross national product (GNP) per capita was studied by using two methods: (i) with regression analysis, and (ii) by categorizing the data in four income-based country groups and the comparison of differences in their mean values. The ages were divided into four sub-groups: 45-54 years, 55-64 years, 65-74 years and 75+ years. UIM rates were inversely correlated with GNP per capita in 45-54, 55-64 and 65-74 year-olds for both sexes. On the other hand, among the 75+ years populations for both sexes, the association between GNP per capita and UIM rates was positive (male, r = 0.234, and female, r = 0.337). Our study suggests that UIM rates shows deviating patterns across age groups. UIM exhibits declining rates among younger age groups by economic development which is consistent with what could be expected from the epidemiologic transition model, while injuries in older groups appear to increase by economic development. These findings imply that unintentional injury, as a whole, is not a homogeneous phenomenon from an epidemiological transition perspective.

This paper (SPE 56011) was revised for publication from paper SPE 52942, prepared for the 1999 SPE Hydrocarbon Economics and Evaluation Symposium held in Dallas, 20–23 March. Original manuscript received 1 February 1999. This paper has not been peer reviewed. Summary Great disparity exists in the distribution of wealth among nations. National well-being, as measured by such commonly accepted indicators as infant mortality, child malnutrition, life expectancy, and literacy rates correlates well with national wealth, which, in turn, correlates well with energy consumption. Developed industrial nations rank high in national well-being; however, on a per-capita basis, these nations own a disproportionate share of world wealth and consume a disproportionate share of the world's energy. Economic growth correlates well with growth of energy consumption in both rich and poor nations, and, conversely, reductions in energy consumption correlate with economic decline. When energy consumption is expressed as a function of gross national product (GNP) instead of on a per-capita basis, developed nations use energy more efficiently than poorer ones. Fossil fuels furnish 90% of the world's energy (oil and gas supply 63%), and their use has grown by 14% over the last decade (oil and gas use is up 19%). Long-range concerns about depleting fossil-fuel resources and more immediate concerns about increases in atmospheric CO2 produced by their combustion and the postulated ill effects of global warming weigh against continued increase in use of fossil fuels and favor alternative energy sources. Examination of alternatives suggests that none of the alternatives, other than possibly nuclear and hydropower (both in environmental and political disfavor), offer hope for supplying more than a fraction of demand. Hence, either the natural limits on use of fossil fuels set by depleting resources or the setting of artificial limits in an effort to control CO2 emissions (tentatively agreed to in Kyoto and Buenos Aires) contrast starkly with the need for more energy consumption to improve the economic development of all nations and particularly the poorer ones. This paper explores these relationships and identifies some of the hard choices that lie ahead that inevitably will impact the use of oil and gas. Introduction For many millennia, the world's energy was supplied by wood, wind, water, and the muscle power of man and animal or, in today's lexicon, "renewable" energy. Life, worldwide, was little better than Ashton's evocative description, "There are…men and women, plague-ridden and hungry, living lives little better, to outward appearance, than those of the cattle that toil with them by day and share their places of sleep by night." 1 The earliest sustained use of fossil fuel started in 1233 with coal from Newcastle, England. Chronic shortages and high costs of firewood for cooking and heating drove the use of coal in England upward during the next 500 years, from 33,000 tons in 1564, to 529,000 tons in 1658, and to 6 million tons in 1770 in the early stages of the Industrial Revolution. Rapid growth of coal-fired steam boilers further escalated coal consumption to 84 million tons in 1861 and to a peak of 287 million tons in 1913. Concurrently, Great Britain's national wealth, or GNP, grew at a rate twice as fast as population from 1801 to 1911, because of the huge increases in productivity that steam power provided.1 The Industrial Revolution quickly spread to Continental Europe and North America. Coal was largely displaced by oil in the first half of the 20th Century as huge gains in both economic and physical well-being were experienced in all industrialized nations. Meanwhile, world population grew from approximately 0.75 billion in 1750, to 2 billion by 1930, and to 4 billion by 1975. It is approaching 6 billion as the century ends. Air pollution from burning of fossil fuels was recognized as a problem centuries ago. "Smog" from coal used for heating and cooking was reported in London as early as 1285, and a resident was actually tried and executed in 1306 for burning soft coal, possibly one of the earliest, and most severe, penalties for pollution. In the second half of the 20th Century, awareness of "near-ground-level" air pollution from fossil fuels evolved (with the application of technology) into remarkably clean exhaust gases from automobiles and from smokestacks of coal-fired electric-power plants. As the century closes, however, a new concern has emerged: the postulated ill effects of global warming induced by CO2 emissions. Today, governments are considering limiting the use of fossil fuels. Variations in Wealth Among Nations National wealth is traditionally measured by GNP, the total value of all goods and services produced. [GNP is gross domestic product (GDP)] plus net factor income received from or paid to the rest of the world. Factor income consists primarily of dividends and interest received by a nation's residents; reinvested earnings of foreign affiliates of a nation's corporations minus payments to foreign residents of interest and dividends; and reinvested earnings of affiliates of foreign corporations. For most countries, the difference between GDP—the total output of goods and services produced by a nation's labor and property valued at market prices—and GNP is less than 1 or 2%.] Per-capita GNP is a more useful measure for comparison of relative wealth among nations. These data are routinely available in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and World Bank publications.2,3

Abstract. Cultivated land resources are the basic production factors that carry human survival and economic development. Exploring the relationship between cultivated land change and economic development has become a hot issue for scholars.in this paper,The methods of regression analysis, land use elastic coefficient method, location entropy are used to empirically describe the relationship between cultivated land change and economic development.The results show: Since the 20th century, the change of cultivated land area has experienced three distinct stages of change, showing a process of recovery, decline, and steady evolution in Henan Province. The per capita cultivated land area is characterized by an upward trend, and the per capita cultivated land area is increasing year by year. In general, the intensive use of cultivated land in Henan Province is still not high, but the momentum of a sharp decline in cultivated land is basically controlled. The change of cultivated land area and economic development showed a four-time curve fitting relationship, which indicates that the path dependence of economic development on cultivated land occupation still exists, and cultivated land supports the rapid development of economy.The research results of the relationship between cultivated land change and economic development by using location entropy show that the spatial layout of the urban area is less than 0, and the regularity is not strong.The location where the location entropy is between 0–1 is mainly located in the central part of Henan Province;The cities with location entropy greater than 1 are mainly located in the eastern part of Henan.

5 - MEASURING ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

At present, China's economic development is in an important stage of transformation towards high-quality development. Realizing industrial structure adjustment, promoting rational regional industrial layout, and collaborative division of labor play an important role in promoting high-quality economic development. Therefore, conducting research on the convergence of regional industrial structure is of great practical significance for promoting sustainable economic development. This article takes the manufacturing industry in the three northeastern provinces as the research object, and analyzes the problem of industrial structure convergence in the manufacturing industry from multiple perspectives. By measuring the similarity coefficient of industrial structure, location entropy, and regional division of labor index, it was found that the manufacturing industry in the three northeastern provinces of China has intensified industrial homogeneity while the convergence of industrial structure is not obvious. Policy suggestions are proposed to address this phenomenon.

In my view, the topic of this session is not one that is easily reduced to macroeconomic identities or single-equation models. This presents a formidable challenge to the Dutton, Grennes, and Johnson and to the Grigsby and Pagoulatos papers. The Katz paper was not available. I shall attempt, within the confines of limited space, to sketch my view of the key elements of the topic and, by implication, my critique of the papers. The literature (see Balassa) on countries' reactions to the 1973-76 and 1978-80 shocks to world markets have separated countries into those pursuing outward-oriented (OOC) as opposed to inward-oriented (IOC) policies. The OOC suffered larger terms-of-trade effects and adverse export volume effects than did the IOC because of their relatively greater exposure to world markets (28% of gross national product (GNP) compared to 10% of GNP). The policy response of the OOCs was to apply deflationary policies to limit their reliance on external finance. They also pursued policies to induce efficient output-increasing and efficient import substitution. These adjustments served to compensate for the adverse balance-of-payments effects of external shocks and reversed the temporary decline in their economic growth. While many of these countries (e.g., Korea) have relatively high external debt to GNP ratios, they have managed to avoid debt service difficulties. The problem lies with the IOC, many of which are either major importers of U.S. agricultural commodities or major competitors. Inward-oriented countries pursued policies which essentially amounted to attempts to maintain internal market distortions despite world market shocks. It is the nature of these distortions that provide insights into questions of adjustment, liquidity, and insolvency. For the most part, the policies pursued by the IOC served to transfer resources from agriculture into inefficient import substitution activities (Roe). This transfer was accomplished by interventions in foreign trade markets where quotas, tariffs, export taxes, and exchange rates are effective policy instruments: These instruments were most often used to maintain low and stable prices of food through excessive imlorts relative to import levels under free trade, or to discourage the export of food crops for which a country has a comparative advantage. At the same time, primary exportable commodities tended to be heavily taxed. Coincident with these distortions, policies were adopted to protect the domestic industrial sector. Results from a recent IMF study of developing countries found that the average effective rates of protection were 50% during 1966-72 and 60% in the late 1970s. Exceptions to these high rates of protection are the OOC countries. Many of the countries which have high rates of protection for manufacturers also allow imports of raw materials intended for export production to enter duty free (IMF, p. 74). This serves to distort further the domestic terms of trade against agriculture. Interventions in foreign trade markets that induce a transfer of resources from agriculture invariably lead to depressed conditions in the sector. Some governments react to these depressed conditions by policies to subsidize agricultural inputs and policies to raise farmlevel commodity prices while at the same time maintaining low and stable food prices to urban consumers. This policy leads to a narrowing of the marketing margin and, in some countries, to farm-level prices that are higher than their retail market counterparts. Without subsidies, the narrowing of the margin implies lower returns to the resources employed in marketing activities and hence to an exodus of merchants and middlemen traditionally involved in these activities. The implementation of the policy often leads to the taking over of Terry L. Roe is a professor, Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Minnesota.

How much do road accidents cost the national economy?

Building research capacities in developing countries is necessary for economic success in the long term. But the numerous problems in doing so have to be solved for each country individually

Consumption of electricity has been known in many countries to be correlated with economic activities. The reasons for increase of electricity demand are higher living standards and industrialization. Like in other developing countries, in Turkey, the demand for energy and electricity is growing rapidly due to social and economic developments and increase of the population of the country. In this paper, the Granger causality between electricity consumption (EC) and Gross National Product (GNP) is examined for Turkey using annual data covering the period 1970-2004. As economic growth and electricity consumption variables used in empirical analysis have same order of integration (I(1)), Granger causality test is employed. In this study it was found that bidirectional causal relationship between electricity consumption and GNP in the short-run, and unidirectional causality running from GNP to electricity consumption exists in the long-run.

Discussions of health care reform in the United States invariably begin with a citation of statistics on the comparative shares of gross national product (GNP) represented by spending for medical services. From Ross Perot to administration spokespeople to the speaker at Kiwanis, everyone quotes these statistics to show that in some important way the U.S. medical care financing and delivery system is not only less effective than those in other countries but also imposes a heavier burden on the U.S. economy and on U.S. manufacturing firms trying to compete in global markets. But do these comparisons of relative spending mean anything? There are some objections, some more than nitpicking, to such data on spending. What is classified as “medical care spending,” despite the oftenheroic efforts of the data compilers at the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (which provides the most frequently cited statistics), may vary across countries, and under-the-table payments or tips may often be missed. However, there is a much more serious defect with these numbers, at least with regard to the purposes for which they frequently are used: They do not measure true economic costs. They measure instead the level of spending, which is seriously deficient as a measure of (or even a relative proxy for) the cost the economy bears when medical care rather than other goods and services is produced. Especially in the great debate over health care reform, it is cost that people really ought to compare, and they can be seriously misled if they use spending measures as a substitute. Why do people care about the share of GNP devoted to medical services? Moving the composition of national output from one product to another does not, in any meaningful sense, reduce the total national income or productivity. Japan spends more on seafood relative to GNP than does the United States, but that “excessive” fish consumption does not impoverish the Japanese or advantage the United States. Is medical spending different? Perhaps the concern over the figures on medical care spending reflects in

Background:Therapeutic advances of the recent past have led to significant changes in clinical practice when treating patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Since the advent of biological disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs...