Abstract
Tamanu oil from Calophyllum inophyllum L. has long been used in traditional medicine. Ethanol extraction was found the best strategy for recovering bioactive compounds from the resin part of Tamanu oil, yielding two neutral and acidic resins fractions with high phenolics, flavonoids and pyranocoumarins concentrations. A further cascade of LPLC/HPLC separations of neutral and acidic resin fractions allowed identifying fifteen metabolites, and among them, calanolide D and 12-oxocalanolide A (both in neutral fraction) were first identified from a natural source. All these extracts, subfractions and isolated metabolites demonstrated increased free radical scavenging, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antimycobacterial activity compared to Tamanu oil and its de-resinated lipid phase. Overall, these results could promote resinous ethanol-soluble Tamanu oil extracts as a useful multifaceted and renewable medicinal resource.
Highlights
Calophyllum inophyllum L. (Calophyllaceae) is an evergreen tree distributed in tropical areas of Africa, America, Asia and Pacific Islands
Ethanol was preferred to other solvents (e.g., n-hexane or ethyl acetate) for more efficiently removing fatty acids, triglycerides and tannins [4], whereas methanol is highly efficient for recovering amounts of polar phenolics and flavonoids [20,23]
EtTO was further separated according to a multistep procedure into neutral (NTR) and acidic (ATR) fractions, while methanol soluble (MeTO) resin was kept unchanged for further analysis
Summary
Calophyllum inophyllum L. (Calophyllaceae) is an evergreen tree distributed in tropical areas of Africa, America, Asia and Pacific Islands. Many pharmacological properties from different parts of C. inophyllum such as leaves, bark and oil have been reported in traditional folk medicines, with variations in local uses [1]. Expressed from the seeds, C. inophyllum oil is widely used as a natural antiseptic and anti-inflammatory agent and for treating venous ulcers, rheumatisms and wounds [2]. Several contributions to the knowledge of the mechanisms of action of C. inophyllum oil have been reported, and its anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and cytoprotective properties have been evidenced in cell models [3,4]. A series of pyranocoumarins in seeds or leaves of Calophyllum genus plants have been identified, belonging to the calanolide, inophyllum or cordatolide series [6,7,8,9]; e.g., calanolides A, B and pseudocalanolides C and D are found in C. lanigerum [6].
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