Improving Operational Planning and Management of National Parks in Turkey: A Case Study

Roslinda E. 2018. Social capital of the community in the management of Danau Sentarum National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 1249-1257. Many studies on the management of National Park have been conducted in various countries. This research highlights the management of Danau Sentarum National Park which is administratively located in West Kalimantan Province precisely in Kapuas Hulu District, from the view of social capital. The research method was surveyed using a quantitative approach. Social capital of the community in the area of Danau Sentarum National Park is still high/strong. Based on this fact, the management of the National Park that has been conducted by the government alone can collaborate with the management by community and collaborative management that pays a good attention to the minimum resistance and maximum synergy.

National Parks not only undertake the basic functions of protecting natural ecological environment, but also play a variety of functions such as the cultivation, scientific research, environmental education, natural recreation, etc. China’s National Park career entered a new chapter after the third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee. It is urgent to make specific and operable research as a reference in practice. This paper takes the national parks of the US as the research object to analyze the specific methods and planning process based on the public engagement mechanism, thus improve the planning and management of national parks in China.

Worldwide, the planning and management of national parks as tourist destinations requires strategies for the area-wide design of projects and frequently results in tri-sector partnerships. In most cases these are led by the public sector together with representatives of tourism small and medium-sized enterprises (TSMEs) and local residents. However, this practice of collaboration, although widely endorsed, is complex. Partnerships and consultations require the adherence of institutions to principles of governance together with a civic community, building on its inherent social capital. However, in reality the community's participation is commonly reported to be the engagement of a few, and can never be assumed, questioning at the least, the legitimisation of decisions made in the name of a community. In increasingly democratised contexts this result is disquieting and raises critical questions as to why some community members do and others do not choose to engage in local decision-making practices. The tourism literature has reported extensively on community participation, and in the protected area context has generated many sets of best practice guidelines and toolkits. However, the subject of governance in protected areas and particularly in the planning and management of destinations is relatively new (Spyriadis et al., 2012), social capital is rarely cited, and extensive research on categorically identifying reasons for both engagement and disengagement is scarce. Further, in the protected area and specifically UK contexts, there is minimal research into civic engagement in tourism and protected areas. This paper contributes to addressing this deficiency. Key findings from research conducted in a UK national park are presented, identifying reasons for both community engagement and disengagement in decision-making processes relating to the development of the area into a tourist destination.

Integrity-centered framework for determining protected areas boundary: An application in the China's national park

Baluran National Park is a nature conservation area that has an original ecosystem managed with a zoning system that is used for research, science, education, supporting cultivation, tourism and recreation. Although Baluran National Park is used in accordance with laws and regulations, it is not free from problems. The problems faced are among others related to spatial planning ( zoning) of national parks, especially those related to special zoning, animal hunting, illegal logging, maximizing community involvement in national park management, regulations related to national parks. Problems can stem from the weak synergy of national park management carried out by the government and the community, resulting in conflicts related to the management of Baluran national park. Conflicts that occur in Baluran national park do not only involve the community around the national park, but if other parties are related to collaborative management of the national park itself. This research is needed to photograph and analyze the integrated model of conservation partnerships carried out by Baluran national park as one of the efforts to handle tenure conflicts and provide access for communities around the national park, in order to establish synergy in the empowerment of national parks, communities and the sustainability of Baluran national park. In addition, how the regulations that have been established can be the basis for implementing the use of Baluran national park to achieve the set goals.

Understanding the activities and preferences of visitors is crucial for managing protected areas and planning conservation strategies. Conservation culturomics promotes the use of user-generated online content in conservation science. Geotagged social media content is a unique source of in situ information on human presence and activities in nature. Photographs posted on social media platforms are a promising source of information, but analyzing large volumes of photographs manually remains laborious. We examined the application of state-of-the-art computer-vision methods to studying human-nature interactions. We used semantic clustering, scene classification, and object detection to automatically analyze photographs taken in Finnish national parks by domestic and international visitors. Our results showed that human-nature interactions can be extracted from user-generated photographs with computer vision. The different methods complemented each other by revealing broad visual themes related to level of the data set, landscape photogeneity, and human activities. Geotagged photographs revealed distinct regional profiles for national parks (e.g., preferences in landscapes and activities), which are potentially useful in park management. Photographic content differed between domestic and international visitors, which indicates differences in activities and preferences. Information extracted automatically from photographs can help identify preferences among diverse visitor groups, which can be used to create profiles of national parks for conservation marketing and to support conservation strategies that rely on public acceptance. The application of computer-vision methods to automatic content analysis of photographs should be explored further in conservation culturomics, particularly in combination with rich metadata available on social media platforms.

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 基于多类型自然保护地整合优化的国家公园综合监测体系构建 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202108192315 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家重点研发计划（2017YFC0506404）；国家自然科学基金项目（41801204） Establishing a comprehensive monitoring system in national parks based on the integration and optimization of multiple types of protected areas Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:随着我国自然保护事业进入新时代，以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系建设思路得以明确，以国家公园为代表的自然保护地监测工作也被赋予了更高的要求。监测在促进国家公园科学规划与管理中发挥着重要作用，国家公园管理目标的实现离不开可靠的监测数据和信息的支撑。我国的国家公园试点由各类型自然保护地整合设立，因此面临不同监测类型之间的整合，存在缺乏统一的监测指标体系、有效的监测数据管理、健全的监测实施机制等问题。在对各类型自然保护地整合优化的基本思路下，基于国外国家公园监测实践与经验，综合考虑我国自然保护地的监测现状和需求，从顶层设计出发，构建了以自然资源清查为基础、以生态监测为核心、以自然与人为干扰监测为辅助、以管理有效性监测为补充并服务管理有效性评价的国家公园综合监测体系。在此基础上，进一步提出由三级监测网络、监测数据管理、管理有效性评价三部分组成的国家公园监测实施机制。在国家公园监测体系构建方面进行了探索与尝试，以期为我国国家公园监测体系以及监测制度的建立提供有益参考。 Abstract:As the establishment of protected areas in China entered a new development stage, national parks have been recognized as the main body of a new system of protected areas. Realization of management objectives requires a large number of monitoring data and information, so the monitoring of national parks has been given great significance. However, the pilot national parks were established through integration of different types of protected areas, so they were facing the challenge of the integration of different types of monitoring. Specific problems include inconsistent monitoring indicator systems, ineffective monitoring data management, flawed monitoring implementation mechanism, and so on. Firstly, this paper analyzed the monitoring status and needs of protected areas in China and found that such problems existed in the monitoring of protected areas as different monitoring priorities, redundant monitoring data and diverse monitoring departments. Then, this paper sorted out the monitoring practice and experience of foreign national parks and found that most monitoring systems of national parks in other countries took the long-term ecological monitoring as the core, established a top-down monitoring implementation mechanism, designed a monitoring indicator system with both consistency and difference, and emphasized effective data management and utilization. Under the basic idea of integrating and optimizing various types of protected areas, learning from the monitoring practice and experience of foreign national parks, and considering the monitoring status and needs of protected areas in China, this paper constructed a comprehensive monitoring system for national parks in China from the top-level design. The system is based on natural resource inventory, centered on ecological monitoring, assisted by natural and human interference monitoring, and supplemented by management effectiveness monitoring that serves the evaluation of management effectiveness. The natural resource inventory is used to determine the baseline of conservation and management, the ecological monitoring is applied to learn the rules of ecosystem changes, the natural and human interference monitoring helps clarify the correlation mechanism, and the management effectiveness monitoring serves the evaluation of management effectiveness. On this basis, the paper further proposed an implementation mechanism for the national park monitoring, which is composed of three-level monitoring network, monitoring data management, and management effectiveness evaluation. In the "nation-province-national park" implementation mechanism, on the one hand, a unified monitoring database system and management platform should be established to realize the storage, management and analysis of monitoring data; on the other hand, the management effectiveness evaluation system should also be set up, to promote the monitoring data to serve the conservation planning and management of national parks. The paper made an important attempt in the construction of the national park monitoring system, and is expected to provide a useful reference for the establishment of the national park monitoring system and implementation mechanism in China. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Today, the world faces increasing challenges related to climate change, environmental pollution, and biodiversity loss. The development of national parks, which are crucial for preserving biodiversity and natural ecosystems, is significant in the context of these global challenges. The article aims to study the peculiarities of environmental and economic aspects of the development of the territories of national nature parks. The article establishes that national nature parks are the main areas for the conservation of flora and fauna. Therefore, developing strategies to preserve these unique ecosystems is essential while ensuring sustainable development and taking responsibility for biodiversity conservation. The article emphasizes that the development of territories should consider the needs of the local population while not harming the natural environment, i.e., forests, water resources, and other natural resources should be used reasonably. Ecotourism is an essential component of the functioning and development of national nature parks, as it can be a way to support local economies without harming nature. Ecotourism can include excursions, wildlife watching, hiking, and biking trails, etc. Efficient management and development of national parks require appropriate legislation and regulatory policies. This includes laws governing the use of natural resources, prohibitions on illegal activities such as poaching or illegal logging, and mechanisms to monitor compliance with these laws. The article proves that educational and scientific programs are essential to developing national parks since national parks can be used as sites for scientific research and educational programs. This helps to raise awareness of the importance of nature conservation and can boost the development of the local economy through research and educational initiatives. The development of the territories of national nature parks requires investment and funding. It is crucial to raise funds from the government, the private sector, and international donors to ensure the sustainable development of these territories. The article specifies that local communities should be actively involved in the planning and managing of national parks. Keywords: environmental and economic foundations, territories, communities, recreation, national nature parks, sustainable development, environment, management activities.

This paper analyzes the importance of assessing and controlling the social and economic impact of climate change in national parks. To this end, a system of indicators for evaluation and monitoring is proposed for the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park, one of the most important in Spain. Based on the Driving forces-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework, the designed system uses official statistical data in combination with data to be collected through ad hoc qualitative research. The result is a system of indicators that monitors the use of natural resources, the demographic evolution, economic activities, social interactions, and policies. Adapted to different contexts, these indicators could also be used in other national parks and similar natural protected areas throughout the world. This type of indicator system is one of the first to be carried out in Spain’s national parks. The result is a system that can be useful not only in itself, but also one that can catalyze climate change planning and management of national parks.

In the last 40 years, neoliberalism has become the dominant political economy, guiding not only global economies and politics, but also every other aspect of contemporary life, including the management and planning of national parks and equivalent reserves, and global conservation goals and objectives. Despite a growing body of academic research on the impacts of neoliberal conservation, there is still a need for studies that explore the issue from a comparative, international perspective and examine its different repercussions on nations with different historical, social, and geographical contexts. An interdisciplinary approach, combining the data analysis methods of critical discourse analysis, Foucauldian discourse analysis and historical institutionalism was used to perform a comparative case study between national park systems in Canada and Brazil. The research identified the main path dependencies, as well as the periods of stability, and internal and external aspects that shaped the national park systems in both countries. Discourses used to promote or resist the adoption of market-based instruments and other neoliberal policies were also identified and grouped into three larger discursive formations: 1) Public funding is the ideal model for national parks; 2) There is no alternative to the market for national parks; and 3) The market is the best solution for national parks. The results suggested a double standard between Canada and Brazil related to their position in the world-system as core and peripheral nations. Discourses were used to promote neoliberal policies as the best and only solution for national parks, but the external and internal pressure for their implementation was more geared towards peripheral countries while core countries had more power to decide which policies would be adopted. Foucauldian discursive strategies were used to provide an alternative way to understand how core nations and international organizations work to control the discourses that are available to peripheral countries.

The controversies that often arise around the issues of planning, implementation and management of national parks, and that put into play states, state corporations, local authorities, local communities, environmental groups and (eco) touristic business promoters, put dual issue about land management to accommodate a national park and ways of tourism that respect the natural environment and local people. Strategies used by players in a conflict over a park may explain the difficulty in reaching an agreement on the qualification process of a territory between protected areas and sustainable development area and also find a form of integration between development and conservation, which are collectively admitted, through a tourism shared project. As study case, it has been used the conflict of Mont-Orford National Park, its changes. The debate opposes two major kinds of values: 1) conservation through ecological and territorial integrity, 2) development of a modern and competitive tourism offer taking part of the attractiveness of a National Park host area. Thus the analysis of social players strategies draws lessons on ecotourism and territorial governance. In particular, the issue of ecotourism model is seen and discussed as a solution to the sustainable development of local communities. Finally, two key conditions for an ecotourism project establishment are highlighted: the first relates to the operating content innovation of the project; the second relates to the territorial management and the role of a key player - a committee, an association or another independent organization able to prioritize a protected area partnership management.

Management of German national parks: The role of institutions and actors in defining goals and making decisions

As ten years have passed since national parks were adjusted and released inceptively, it is the time for evaluating the effectiveness of the national park policy and improving it on the basis of the evaluation result. In this study, the method of appraising the environmental and socio-economical ripple effect on the implementation of national park regulation were provided, based on the institutional consideration, the environment analysis, the survey of residents consciousness, the statistical analysis and so on. It is applied to target sites where were released from national parks, and the policy direction was suggested for sustainable use and management of national parks. National parks, that exhibit various characteristics depending on geographical and local conditions, were categorized through the statistical approach. Released sites from Seoraksan National park, where was categorized as the core national park for sustainable use and management, were evaluated environmentally based on the time-series analysis of environmental thematic maps and socio-economically based on the survey on residents perceptions. As a result of this study, the environmental effect of released sites has been declined or threatened, and the residents' economic, social and living condition in these areas are still not improved(p<0.05) since the adjustment of national parks. Based on the policy approach reflecting regional characteristics, natural resources are kept and enhanced for the sustainable use and management of national parks. And a consensus on the national park policy of national park should be developed between local residents and voluntary participation and public awareness should be attracted from them, based on the construction and the supplement of the infrastructure.

National parks play a crucial role in protecting ecosystems and biodiversity while facing challenges in balancing nature conservation and economic development. However, because of the difficulty in the unified simulation of natural protection functions and regional socioeconomic development, there is a lack of integrated prediction research on the comprehensive development pathways of national parks and their surrounding areas. This study adopts the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) framework that links climate change research with socioeconomic development paths, taking China’s first national park—Sanjiangyuan National Park—region as an example, to conduct research on the synergistic development path of regional socioeconomic development and national parks. The model design includes five typical paths to cover a wide range of socioeconomic development possibilities. These paths are based on different assumptions, including factors such as population growth, economic development, energy use, technological progress, and policy choices. By applying scenario planning methods, optimal development pathways are identified based on environmental, economic, and social priorities. The results show that GDP growth is fastest under the sustainable development and fossil fuel development pathways. By 2050, the population difference under different pathways will approach 100,000, and the GDP gap will be close to CNY 200 billion. This study provides valuable insights for the planning, decision-making, and management of Sanjiangyuan and similar national parks and their surrounding areas, contributing to the promotion of sustainable ecological and economic development of national parks and their regions.

Elephant management in East African reserves and national parks has become one of the urgent conservation problems of today. In this study of the African savanna elephant, Dr Sikes shows that two diseases of the heart and arteries, found only in lowland elephants, were directly associated with the degeneration of the habitat when elephant numbers began to build up in the Tsavo National Park in Kenya and the Queen Elizabeth and Murchison Falls National Parks in Uganda. The two diseases thus appear to be natural factors tending to limit the elephant populations in these reserves, and she suggests four lessons to be drawn from this discovery by those concerned with elephant management in national parks.