Abstract
This paper reviews how drainage may be used to improve soil and rock conditions, to assist with the construction and rehabilitation of underground excavations. Illustrative examples are given from tunnels in various parts of the world. In treacherous ground, prestabilisation by grouting or freezing, or compressed air dewatering, may be used. Control of groundwater is essential, to improve safety and ensure long life and success. The effect of groundwater crucially affects the choice of construction method, which needs to be flexible in the event of unexpected problems. The permeability of the material being excavated affects the immediate drainage into the excavation. The simplest and cheapest way of controlling groundwater is to remove it by pumping from wells. A tunnel's drainage system should be able to remove all water infiltration effectively. Seepage of groundwater into tunnels and other underground excavations is inevitable, and can be handled in various ways. Where there are large seasonal variations in groundwater level, the stability of slopes must be ensured by adequate drainage. The paper finally describes some examples of remedial drainage works.
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