Abstract
PurposeCartilage canal vessels are critical to the normal function of epiphyseal (growth) cartilage and damage to these vessels is demonstrated or suspected in several important developmental orthopaedic diseases. High-resolution, three-dimensional (3-D) visualization of cartilage canals has recently been demonstrated using susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI). In the present study, a quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) approach is evaluated for 3-D visualization of the cartilage canals. It is hypothesized that QSM post-processing improves visualization of the cartilage canals by resolving artifacts present in the standard SWI post-processing while retaining sensitivity to the cartilage canals.MethodsEx vivo distal femoral specimens from 3- and 8-week-old piglets and a 1-month-old human cadaver were scanned at 9.4 T with a 3-D gradient recalled echo sequence suitable for SWI and QSM post-processing. The human specimen and the stifle joint of a live, 3-week-old piglet also were scanned at 7.0 T. Datasets were processed using the standard SWI method and truncated k-space division QSM approach. To compare the post-processing methods, minimum/maximum intensity projections and 3-D reconstructions of the processed datasets were generated and evaluated.ResultsCartilage canals were successfully visualized using both SWI and QSM approaches. The artifactual splitting of the cartilage canals that occurs due to the dipolar phase, which was present in the SWI post-processed data, was eliminated by the QSM approach. Thus, orientation-independent visualization and better localization of the cartilage canals was achieved with the QSM approach. Combination of GRE with a mask based on QSM data further improved visualization.ConclusionsImproved and artifact-free 3-D visualization of the cartilage canals was demonstrated by QSM processing of the data, especially by utilizing susceptibility data as an enhancing mask. Utilizing tissue-inherent contrast, this method allows noninvasive assessment of the vasculature in the epiphyseal cartilage in the developing skeleton and potentially increases the opportunity to diagnose disease of this tissue in the preclinical stages, when treatment likely will have increased efficacy.
Highlights
Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) is an MRI technique that utilizes subtle differences in magnetic susceptibility values between tissues to generate contrast [1,2,3]
Ex vivo distal femoral specimens from 3- and 8-week-old piglets and a 1-month-old human cadaver were scanned at 9.4 T with a 3-D gradient recalled echo sequence suitable for SWI and Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) post-processing
The artifactual splitting of the cartilage canals that occurs due to the dipolar phase, which was present in the SWI post-processed data, was eliminated by the QSM approach
Summary
Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) is an MRI technique that utilizes subtle differences in magnetic susceptibility values between tissues to generate contrast [1,2,3]. Potential drawbacks of the SWI technique, are that it is qualitative and suffers from artifacts due to the dipolar nature of phase accumulation between substances of different magnetic susceptibility [12, 13]. Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) is an approach that attempts to calculate the underlying susceptibility distribution from the phase data [10, 13,14,15,16]. As the susceptibility distribution is revealed, the result is quantitative as opposed to the qualitative SWI data. The boundaries between susceptibility differences are better defined in the actual susceptibility maps than in the SWI data
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