Implication of Reduced Herbicide Rates on Resistance Enrichment in Wild Oat (Avena fatua)1

Abstract

Model simulations predict that lowering herbicide efficacy by reducing the application rate would slow the rate of enrichment of herbicide-resistant individuals in a weed population, but the resulting increase in density of susceptible plants would reduce crop yield and increase the weed seed bank. A study was conducted at three sites in Saskatchewan, Canada, from 1997 to 2000 to examine the implication of reduced rates of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors in a diverse 4-yr crop rotation, in conjunction with variable crop seeding rates, on the enrichment of resistant wild oat in a mixed (resistant and susceptible) population. Main-plot treatments were crop (barley, canola, field pea, and spring wheat), subplot treatments were crop seeding rate (recommended and high), and sub-subplot treatments were ACCase inhibitor rate (0, 0.33, 0.67, and 1.0 times the recommended rate). Herbicide rate frequently interacted with seeding rate in affecting wild oat seedling density, seed return, the viable fraction of the weed seed bank, and crop seed yield. As simulation models predict, reduced herbicide efficacy decreased the proportion of resistant individuals in the population. The high crop seeding rate compensated for a one-third reduction in herbicide rate by limiting total wild oat seed return and by reducing the number of resistant seedlings recruited from the seed bank. The level of resistance in the seed bank can be reduced without increasing the total (resistant plus susceptible) seed bank population by manipulating agronomic practices to increase crop competitiveness against wild oat when ACCase inhibitor rates are reduced to a maximum of two-thirds of that recommended.Nomenclature: Wild oat, Avena fatua L. #3 AVEFA; barley, Hordeum vulgare L. ‘AC Oxbow’; canola, Brassica napus L. ‘AC Excel’; field pea, Pisum sativum L. ‘Grande’; spring wheat, Triticum aestivum L. ‘AC Barrie’.Additional index words: Crop seeding rate, herbicide resistance, ICIA 0604, integrated weed management, sethoxydim.Abbreviations: ACCase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.2); ALS, acetolactate synthase (EC 4.1.3.18); HR, herbicide resistant; HS, herbicide susceptible; OM, organic matter.