Implementation of multi input DC-DC converter based fuel minimisation in hybrid vehicle using HBO optimisation method

Batteries, ultra capacitors, fuel cells, and solar arrays are widely used in electric and hybrid vehicles (EVs/HVs) as an electric power source or an energy storage unit. In the structure of the electric power system of modern EVs/HVs, more than one of these units may be employed to improve the performance and efficiency; hence utilization of a multi-input DC-DC converter is inevitable to obtain a regulated bus DC voltage. In this paper, a review of multiple input DC-DC power electronic converters (MI-PEC) devoted to combine the power flow from several on-board energy sources of an EV/HV is presented. Several multi-input DC-DC converters based on various topologies are studied and analyzed. The operating modes of each topology is presented and compared with other topologies.

Review on non-isolated multi-input step-up converters for grid-independent hybrid electric vehicles

Hybrid vehicles are a characteristic feature of the daily traffic yet, with growing fuel costs and other factors increasing their importance in the nearest future even more. Nevertheless, hybrid vehicles are not a mass product up to now. Although the life cycle costs of the hybrid cars are usually smaller than the costs for comparable fuel vehicles, the main purchase criteria for vehicles are still the acquisition costs, leading to a preference for conventional fuel cars. So as to increase the number of hybrid vehicles, the production costs have to be lowered. In hybrid vehicles, the energy distribution system causes a significant share of volume and costs. One part of this system is the dc-dc converter that transfers power between the low- and high-voltage buses. In order to reduce the costs and the volume of this converter, two new concepts for integrating the dc-dc converter functionality into the traction drive system have been presented in. This paper will present different switching strategies to improve the efficiency of the total system. Starting from the phase-shift modulation known from the conventional Dual Active Bridge, the switching instants are optimized regarding efficiency to obtain the optimal modulation. In addition, a concept with multiple switching during the inverter's switching period is analyzed as well as a slightly modified system, where one leg of the dc-dc converter is implemented as a three-level switch. These four switching strategies are analyzed and compared. In addition, measurement results are shown to verify the calculations.

하이브리드 자동차나 전기 자동차에 사용되는 LDC(Low Voltage DC-DC Converter)는 고전압 배터리 측의 높은 DC 전압을 입력 받아 낮은 전압인 12V로 강하시켜 전장부하 장치의 전원 공급 및 보조 배터리의 충전용으로 사용된다. LDC는 생산 공정 중에 장시간의 부하시험을 하는데 부하시험 시 전력을 100% 열로 방출하는 구조로 에너지 소비가 매우 큰 단점이 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 재생형 방식의 부하시험 방법을 제안하여 낭비되는 전력의 75~90%의 에너지 절감을 실현하였다. 【The LDC (Low Voltage DC-DC Converter) used for hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles was utilized to supply the electric apparatus load with a voltage and to charge the auxiliary batteries by receiving a high DC voltage from the high voltage battery. The LDC has a long-time load test during the manufacturing process. On the other hand, it has the disadvantage of considerable energy consumption because it has the structure to release the power as 100% heat during a load test. Therefore, in this paper, a recycling load test method was proposed and 75~90% energy saving was realized.】

Hybrid renewable energy, particularly photovoltaic and wind turbine system has been widely used as the option for the electricity generating system in remote areas. Several research also mentioned that hybrid photovoltaic and wind turbine system has higher reliability in particular cases. But there is always a problem behind this renewable energy scheme, intermittency could be one of the most common constraints because of the unstable input could affect its power quality aspect on entire system. Standalone system has to be having an intermittency mitigation that also play a major role as the frequency control on the AC load. Multi-Input DC-DC converter had proven its feasibility as the standalone renewable energy power quality control on the DC side by using duty cycle determination algorithm. In this research, the novelty is by using Multi Input DC-DC converter as the intermittency mitigation and frequency control for the AC and evaluate its performance on two different types of intermittencies. From the result, it is obtained that multi-input DC-DC converter could give better result in the terms of amplitude and frequency on the AC load on wind intermittency rather than irradiance intermittency.

In recent years, many converters are being proposed to be used like bidirectional. Some applications of these DC-DC converters can be battery charger-dischargers, hybrid vehicles, and DC-UPS. In applications like hybrid vehicles a high voltage DC bus to supply power to the motor is usually required. When the DC bus in hybrid vehicle is held by a big capacitor, the selection and design of the converter has an additional difficult, since the converter has to work with an output voltage that ranges from 0 to 420 V in steady-state conditions. In this paper, a bidirectional DC-DC converter is proposed to satisfy the hybrid vehicles requirements and can be used to work permanently with any output voltage from 0 to 420 V without any difficult. Analysis, design and experimental results of a 200 W laboratory prototype circuit are included

In recent years, many converters are being proposed to be used as bidirectional. Some applications of these DC-DC converters can be battery charger-dischargers, hybrid vehicles, and DC-UPS. In applications like hybrid vehicles a high voltage DC bus to supply power to the motor is usually required. When the DC bus in hybrid vehicle is held by a big capacitor, the selection and design of the converter has an additional difficulty, since the converter has to work with an output voltage that ranges from 0 to 420 V in steady-state conditions. In this paper, a bidirectional DC-DC converter is proposed to satisfy the hybrid vehicles requirements and can be used to work permanently with any output voltage from 0 to 420 V without any difficulty. Analysis, design and experimental results of a 200 W laboratory prototype circuit are included

This manuscript proposes a multi input DC to DC converter based on fuel minimisation in hybrid vehicle using heap based optimisation (HBO) method. The proposed system inputs include fuel cell (FC), energy storage system (ESS), and photovoltaic (PV) group. Fuel cell is regarded as important MN power source and the roof-top photovoltaic is utilised for charging batteries, improving performance and reducing fuel economy. The converter has the ability to provide power demand from one or two resources that are not present through a load. Moreover, a power management method is defined and given in the heap-based optimiser (HBO) technique. The main objective of the proposed method is to "meet tight direct current (DC) bus voltage regulation, better monitor the PV current to their reference and minimise fuel consumption". The proposed HBO technique based hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) system is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink software.

Silicon carbide (SiC) based devices are known to outperform Si devices in many aspects, such as lower power dissipation, higher operating temperatures, and higher switching frequencies. SiC devices will benefit hybrid vehicles when applied into the DC-DC converters and inverters as part of the electrical power conversion needed to drive the powertrain. Nevertheless, SiC devices can suffer from oscillations as a result of the underdamped response to an RLC circuit composed of device output capacitance, parasitic inductance, and on-state resistance. This paper aims at investigating the influence of the interconnection parasitic inductance on the performance of SiC-based DC-DC converter in hybrid vehicles.

The goal of this project is to develop and fabricate a 5kW dc-dc converter with a baseline 14V output capability for fuel cell and hybrid vehicles. The major objectives for this dc-dc converter technology are to meet: Higher efficiency (92%); High coolant temperature,e capability (105 C); High reliability (15 Years/150,000miles); Smaller volume (5L); Lower weight (6kg); and Lower cost ($75/kW). The key technical challenge for these converters is the 105 C coolant temperatures. The power switches and magnetics must be designed to sustain these operating temperatures reliably, without a large cost/mass/volume penalty.

Development a new power management strategy for power split hybrid electric vehicles

A Systematic Way of Choosing Driveline Configuration and Sizing Components in Hybrid Vehicles

Cost, volume, and weight are three major driving forces in the automotive area. This is also true for hybrid electric vehicles, which are attracting more and more attention due to increasing fuel costs and air pollution. In hybrid vehicles, the energy distribution system causes a significant share of the volume and the costs. One part of this system is the DC-DC converter that transfers power between the low- and high-voltage buses. In order to reduce the costs and the volume of this converter, this paper presents a new concept for integrating the DC-DC converter functionality into the traction drive system. By using the inverter and the machine to implement a primary bridge leg of an isolated full-bridge DC-DC converter, the total system costs and weight can be reduced. This concept is verified by simulations and experimental results for a scaled prototype. An analytical model of the system has been developed and agrees very well with the measurements. By scaling this model to the power levels typical for hybrid vehicles, it is expected that the efficiency for the DC-DC converter will be greater than 85% for a conventional modulation scheme and above 91% for an optimized switching scheme.

The rise in environmental pollution, demand for fossil fuels, and higher fuel economy vehicles has raised concerns about the creation of new and efficient transportation vehicles in recent days. These days, most developments in electric vehicles concentrate on making the vehicles more pleasant to ride in. Nonetheless, the emphasis now should be on energy and its most efficient use. To do this, you must give your attention to the origin of the automobile. The answer to this problem may be found in hybrid energy storage systems (HESS). This work is concerned with the design and implementation of an effective energy management system in electric vehicles (EVs) equipped with an active HESS consisting of a battery and a super capacitor via the incorporation of load sharing into this hybridization under a variety of load demand scenarios. To address the demands of high fuel efficiency vehicles, automotive firms are focusing on the development of diesel-engine operated vehicles, electric vehicles, fuel-cell vehicles, plug-in electric vehicles, and hybrid electric vehicles. A Multi-input Bidirectional Buck-Boost (MIB3) DC-DC converter is proposed in this dissertation to provide a greater conversion ratio to the input DC voltage. The multi-input converter recommended has fewer components and a simpler control method, making it more trustworthy and cost-effective. This converter also has bidirectional power flow functionality, making it suitable for charging the battery during regenerative braking in an electric or hybrid vehicle. Three different energy sources are used in the suggested topology: a photovoltaic (PV) panel, a battery, and an ultra-capacitor

In recent years, the conventional energy source is quickly being exhausted and the cost and need of energy are growing in the direction of achieving the worldwide necessities for both domestic and commercial customers. But conventional generation methods are the main contributors to the pollution. Hybrid non- conventional sources are being used to produce energy to address these challenges. However, in renewable energy sources the solar ambient temperature, wind speed will be irregular, and fuel cells will be less efficient and more expensive; these are the major drawbacks. To solve these problems, researchers use different power electronics such as APF (Active Power Filters), inverters, and DC-DC converters, power quality conditioners. Among these power electronics, multiple-source power converters are very active designed for regulating voltage & improving the renewable energy systems efficiency. In this survey, the present progress in multi-input DC-DC power converters with numerous applications like hybrid vehicles, hybrid energy systems, satellite, DC microgrid applications, and portable electronics strategies is recognized and studied. Choosing the proper multi-input power converter topology, as well as for its optimal functioning, the precise integration of control technology is a significant feature to increase the total performance of the electrical power system. In the present survey, the network topology of several multiple-input power convertors that includes electrically connected, magnetically connected power converters, and electromagnetically connected converters are studied and comparisons are completed founded on the different structures of the converters such as the utilization of source, the battery life, the isolation, control methods used and the soft-switching. And also Control approaches that include PID (Proportional Integral Derivative) for stand-alone renewable energy power generation and bidirectional power generation for microgrids, MPC (Model Predictive Control) for RE (Renewable Energy Sources) fed to DC distribution grid, state-space modelling (SSM) for hybrid electrical vehicles, and fuzzy logic control (FLC) for renewable energy power generation like different control methods are discussed. According to the comparison results, the greatest possibilities used for the formation of the dual source power convertors are electromagnetically dual source power convertors and for industrial applications, electro- magnetic type of multi-source convertor is situated the best. Coming towards control methods fuzzy logic control method is a better one compared to other control techniques.