Implementation and Evaluation of Edge-cloud Distributed CNN with Serverless Computing

Minimizing energy consumption of IoT devices for O-RAN based IoT systems

In the era of the Internet of Things (IoT), the ever-increasing number of devices connected to the IoT networks also increases the energy consumption on the edge. This is prohibitive since the devices living on the edge are generally resource constrained devices in terms of energy consumption and computational power. Thus, trying to tackle this issue, in this paper, a fully automated end-to-end IoT system for real time monitoring of the status of a moving vehicle is proposed. The IoT system consists mainly of three components: (1) the ultra-low power consumption Wireless Sensor Node (WSN), (2) the IoT gateway and (3) the IoT platform. In this scope, a self-powered WSN having ultra-low energy consumption (less than 10 mJ), which can be produced by environmental harvesting systems, is developed. WSN is used for collecting sensors’ measurements from the vehicle and transmitting them to the IoT gateway, by exploiting a low energy communication protocol (i.e., BLE). A powerful IoT gateway gathers the sensors’ measurements, harmonizes, stores temporary and transmits them wirelessly, to a backend server (i.e., LTE). And finally, the IoT platform, which in essence is a web application user interface (UI), used mainly for almost real time visualization of sensors’ measurements, but also for sending alerts and control signals to enable actuators, installed in the vehicle near to the sensors field. The proposed system is scalable and it can be adopted for monitoring a large number of vehicles, thus providing a fully automatic IoT solution for vehicle fleet management. Moreover, it can be extended for simultaneous monitoring of additional parameters, supporting other low energy communication protocols and producing various kinds of alerts and control signals.

Systems based on the Internet of Things (IoT) are continuously growing in many areas such as smart cities, home environments, buildings, agriculture, industry, etc. This system integrates heterogeneous technologies into a complex architecture of interconnected devices capable of communicating, processing, analysing or storing data. There are several IoT platforms that offer several capabilities for the development of these systems. Some of these platforms are Google Cloud’s IoT Platform, Microsoft Azure IoT suite, ThingSpeak IoT Platform, Thingworx 8 IoT Platform or FIWARE. However, they are complex IoT platforms where each IoT solution has to be developed ad-hoc and implemented by developers by hand. Consequently, developing IoT solutions is a hard, error-prone and tedious task. Thus, increase the abstraction level from which the IoT systems are designed helps to tackle the underlying technology complexity. In this sense, model-driven development approaches can help to both reduce the IoT application time to market and tackle the technological complexity to develop IoT applications. In this paper, we propose a Domain-Specific Language based on SimulateIoT for the design, code generation and simulation of IoT systems which could be deployed on FIWARE infrastructure (an open-source IoT platform). This implies not only designing the IoT system for a high abstraction level and later on code generation, but also designing and deploying an additional simulation layer to simulate the system on the FIWARE infrastructure before final deployment. The FIWARE IoT environment generated includes the sensors, actuators, fog nodes, cloud nodes and analytical characteristics, which are deployed as microservices on Docker containers and composed suitability to obtain a service-oriented architecture. Finally, two case studies focused on a smart building and an agricultural IoT environment are presented to show the IoT solutions deployed using FIWARE.

An internet of things (IoT) platform is a multi-layer technology that enables automation of connected devices within IoT. IoT platforms serve as a middle-ware solution and act as supporting software that is able to connect different hardware devices, access points, and networks to other parts of the value chain. Virtual objects have become a vital component in every IoT platform. Virtual objects are the digital representation of a physical entity. In this paper, we design and implement a cloud-centric IoT platform that serves a purpose for registration and initialization of virtual objects so that technology tinkerers can consume them via the IoT marketplace and integrate them to build IoT applications. The proposed IoT platform differs from existing IoT platforms in the sense that they provide hardware and software services on the same platform that users can plug and play. The proposed IoT platform is separate from the IoT marketplace where users can consume virtual objects to build IoT applications. Experiments are conducted for IoT platform and interworking IoT marketplace based on virtual objects in CoT. The proposed IoT platform provides a user-friendly interface and is secure and reliable. An IoT testbed is developed and a case study is performed for a domestic environment to reuse virtual objects on the IoT marketplace. It also provides the discovery and sharing of virtual objects. IoT devices can be monitored and controlled via virtual objects. We have conducted a comparative analysis of the proposed IoT platform with FIWARE. Results conclude that the proposed system performs marginally better than FIWARE.

In the last years, Internet of Things (IoT) platforms have been designed to provide IoT applications with various services such as device discovery, context management, and data filtering. The lack of standardization has led each IoT platform to propose its own abstractions, APIs, and data models. As a consequence, programming interactions between an IoT consuming application and an IoT platform is time-consuming, is error prone, and depends on the developers’ level of knowledge about the IoT platform. To address these issues, this article introduces IoTvar , a middleware library deployed on the IoT consumer application that manages all its interactions with IoT platforms. IoTvar relies on declaring variables automatically mapped to sensors whose values are transparently updated with sensor observations through proxies on the client side. This article presents the IoTvar architecture and shows how it has been integrated into the FIWARE, OM2M, and muDEBS platforms. We also report the results of experiments performed to evaluate IoTvar, showing that it reduces the effort required to declare and manage IoT variables and has no considerable impact on CPU, memory, and energy consumption.

Internet of Things (IoT) platforms are the key for the development of scalable IoT applications and services that connect real and virtual worlds between objects, systems, and people. However, as the IoT platform market represents a truly new market segment that was almost non-existent a few years ago, the platforms are complex and changing quickly. These IoT platforms perform simple functions such as providing useful information, and others can provide services through collaborations with IoT devices. This situation needs a generic service interface, and results in a range of IoT architectures through not only the configuration setting of IoT devices and resources but also the varied environments of collaboration of each device. Due to these heterogeneities, it is quite challenging to develop applications working with diverse IoT services, and it is even more difficult to maintain such applications. Therefore, this paper presents a security generic service interface with the effective common characteristics of an IoT platform by defining a set of generic interfaces and adopting well-known design patterns. The generic interface solves the heterogeneity-driven problems and makes it possible to effectively adopt a platform-independent Generic Interface that could be operated in diverse IoT platforms.

With the rise of Industry 4.0, horizontal Internet of Things (IoT) platforms are becoming a standardized approach for managing interoperability within complex and heterogeneous IoT systems. Horizontal IoT platforms are software solutions that provide overall IoT system orchestration and management. They work to facilitate IoT services and resources, where security management remains one of the main challenges. This article provides a survey and comparison of security management in IoT systems using horizontal IoT platforms. For this purpose, we first define and compare vertical and horizontal IoT platforms. Although vertical IoT platforms provide solutions to many industries, horizontal IoT platforms improve system connectivity by interconnecting multiple vertical domains. We then describe the security management functionalities of horizontal IoT platforms. With these in mind, we perform a comparative study on the current state of security management approaches of existing horizontal IoT platforms. Particularly, we survey and compare the security management features of the selected standard-based reference implementations. Through discussions, we cover concerns that researchers and developers should be aware of when selecting specific reference implementations for their works. Finally, we identify open issues in the existing security management principles of these reference implementations to be addressed in future studies and practical implementations.

The Internet of Things (IoT) has had a considerable influence on our daily lives by enabling enhanced connection of devices, systems, and services that extends beyond machine-to-machine interactions and encompasses a wide range of protocols, domains, and applications. However, despite privacy concerns shown by IoT users, little has been done to reduce and protect individual information exposure. It is extremely difficult to mitigate IoT devices from reidentification threats which is why it is still a major challenge for IoT users to securely protect their information. The trust controls how we regulate privacy in our IoT platforms in the same way that it governs personal relationships. As IoT devices become increasingly linked, more data is shared across individuals, businesses, governments, and ecosystems. Technologies, sensors, machines, data, and cloud connections all rely largely on trust relationships that have been formed. With the rapid growth of additional types of IoT devices that are being introduced, it, therefore, expands privacy concerns and is difficult to develop trust with an IoT system or device without the option to regulate information privacy settings. Privacy has always been a barrier for many devices as they race for the early adoption of IoT technologies. Several Internet of Things devices or systems will continue to pose privacy threats. As a result, the main objective of this study was to examine the individual understanding of privacy and to promote information privacy protection awareness not only to IoT users but also to organizations that use IoT devices or platforms to run their day-to-day business operations. Furthermore, the objective extends to compare user knowledge and concerns about IoT privacy, as well as to identify any common attitudes and variances. However, in terms of enhancing individuals’ knowledge, an artifact was developed to educate and enhance information privacy awareness among IoT users. A pre- and postquestionnaire was generated to test and validate user knowledge regarding information privacy protection in IoT. The study was conducted using a quantitative research method. Findings indicate that IoT users’ awareness of information privacy protection turned out to be average, suggesting a need for education and awareness. Several participants stated that information privacy protection awareness is required within the community to educate, raise awareness, eliminate human error, and enable individuals to be conscious of their privacy when surfing the Internet.

This research focuses on developing a website-based Internet of Things (IoT) platform specifically for Sam Ratulangi University. The main objective is to design and develop a real-time IoT platform that can be accessed by students and university lecturers, with a limited scope of use for the Sam Ratulangi University academic community. This research identifies the need for developing a website-based IoT platform and effective ways to achieve real-time communication. The technology used includes Websocket for real-time data communication, a combination of REST API and WebSocket for communication efficiency, as well as the use of SQL and NoSQL databases tailored to the type of data to increase application performance. The results of this research show that the IoT platform developed runs smoothly and efficiently, with good data communication between devices and clients. The application of the selected technologies and methods has proven effective in supporting dynamic interactions between IoT devices and systems, as well as in achieving application development goals quickly and flexibly. This research contributes to enriching educational and research resources at universities, especially in the field of IoT technology.

The rising popularity of the Internet of Things (IoT) has led to a plethora of highly heterogeneous, geographically dispersed devices. In recent years, IoT platforms have been used to provide a variety of services to applications such as device discovery, context management, and data analysis. However, the lack of standardization currently means that each IoT platform comes with its own abstractions, APIs, and interactions. As a consequence, programming the interactions between an application and an IoT platform is often time consuming, error prone, and depends on the developers’ level of knowledge about the IoT platform. To address these issues, we propose offering to application developers on the client side the possibility to declare variables that are automatically mapped to sensors and whose values are transparently updated with sensor observations. For this purpose, we introduce IoTVar, a middleware between IoT applications and platforms. In IoTVar, all the necessary interactions with IoT platforms are managed by proxies. This paper presents IoTVar integrated with the FIWARE platform, which is used for developing IoT Future Internet applications. We also report results of some experiments performed to evaluate IoTVar, showing IoTVar reduces the effort required to declare and manage IoT variables and its impact in terms of CPU, memory, and energy.

This article presents an overview of an Internet of Things (IoT) platform design based on a horizontal architectural principle. The goal in applying this principle is to overcome many of the disadvantages associated with the default design approach which, within this context, could be classed as “vertical” in that the IoT system and service are usually designed as stand-alone “silo-like” entities on their own autonomous platform. In a pure sense, each new IoT system and service is a new design ab initio. With the “horizontal principle”, the goal is that in the creation of a new IoT system and service, the provider needs only provide or adapt relevant architectural elements within a horizontal slice of an existing IoT architecture to enable the delivery of the desired IoT service. This article shows how embedding the horizontal principle into an IoT platform design brings the benefits of system design efficiency, effectiveness, and flexibility, together with at least the same scalability attributes inherent in the existing platform, an easily accessible adjustment, fine-tuning, and an openness to new use cases and application scenarios. The vision is the enabling of the realization of a potential multipurpose use of the IoT systems and services built on top of such platforms. The article presents a selective survey on the state of the art in IoT domains of application and in IoT platform architectural design solutions and lines of development from a vertical–horizontal categorization perspective. It presents examples of both IoT platform design solution types in use today. Within the context of strongly recommending the application of the horizontal design principle, the multitiered structure of the authors’ own EMULSION IoT platform based on this horizontal principle is presented in detail in the final part of the article.

With 5G being commercially deployed worldwide, research into 6G mobile communication networks has started. One of the major key performance indicators for 6G is its extremely massive connectivity for small devices to enable so-called Internet of Everything (IoE), which is a scale up from Internet of Things (IoT). Most of these IoE devices will be either battery-powered or battery-less. How to prolong the lifetime of these IoE devices becomes a key challenge. This calls for effort from two complementary aspects: 1) energy efficiency to reduce IoE device's energy consumption on one hand and 2) energy self-supply to open up new energy supply to IoE devices on the other. It is envisioned that 6G will provide energy self-sustainability (ESS) to massive IoE devices.

Due to the large variety of Internet of Things (IoT) platforms, selecting the right one to implement an IoT solution is a tough task. To mitigate right selection by the developer, this paper presents a Systematic Multivocal Mapping Study on IoT platforms and its main software elements, to define their anatomy considering how they were studied by the market analysts and academia. By using a precise protocol defined on this work, it was possible to select 63 academic articles and industry reports that perform IoT platform descriptions, evaluations and comparisons. As results, this paper identified the most important IoT platforms are AWS IoT, Azure IoT, Watson IoT, PTC ThingWorx and Google IoT. Its main capabilities are Interoperability, Security & Privacy, Developer Support, Data Management, Device Management and Services Management. It was also defined an architectural model with the main platform components highlighted according to their relevance, the main communication models (Publish/Subscribe and REST APIs) and the common API that should be implemented by the IoT platforms.

A survey on IoT platforms: Communication, security, and privacy perspectives

Internet of Things (IoT) networks has been evolving phenomenally over the past two decades. Although the devices generally hold relatively low memory, resource and processing capability, the challenge with its trend is that nodes generate a vast volume of data. That is where cloud technology kicks off to offer storage space. An extensive network functioning with cloud assistance might be vulnerable due to its centralized nature and robustness. Besides, the devices may be exposed to malicious activities due to weak access control policies. However, cloud technology provides a platform on which such a security system can execute. Within the framework of these criteria, a centralized, secure architecture fails to consider the mobile and edge devices. This raises many questions about the trust in third-party cloud intermediaries that cause security and privacy leakages. This paper presents trust management system mechanism as an excellent component providing security solution in the network which not just lessens device's energy consumption enhances the network lifetime, as well offers a proficient trust model to guarantee the network is treated as reliable, free from any sort of malicious attackers in the IoT system. This describes cluster priority based IoT system with their advantages.