Abstract
With the current advancement in micro-and nano-fabrication processes and the newly developed approaches, wireless implantable devices are now able to meet the demand for compact, self-powered, wireless, and long-lasting implantable devices for medical and health-care applications. The demonstrated fabrication advancement enabled the wireless implantable devices to overcome the previous limitations of electromagnetic-based wireless devices such as the high volume due to large antenna size and to overcome the tissue and bone losses related to the ultrasound implantable devices. Recent state-of-the-are wireless implantable devices can efficiently harvest electromagnetic energy and detect RF signals with minimum losses. Most of the current implanted devices are powered by batteries, which is not an ideal solution as these batteries need periodic charging and replacement. On the other hand, the implantable devices that are powered by energy harvesters are operating continuously, patient-friendly, and are easy to use. Future wireless implantable devices face a strong demand to be linked with IoT-based applications and devices with data visualization on mobile devices. This type of application requires additional units, which means more power consumption. Thus, the challenge here is to reduce the overall power consumption and increase the wireless power transfer efficiency. This chapter presents the state-of-the-art wireless power transfer techniques and approaches that are used to drive implantable devices. These techniques include inductive coupling, radiofrequency, ultrasonic, photovoltaic, and heat. The advantages and disadvantages of these approaches and techniques along with the challenges and limitations of each technique will be discussed. Furthermore, the performance parameters such as operating distance, energy harvesting efficiency, and size will be discussed and analyzed to introduce a comprehensive comparison. Finally, the recent advances in materials development and wireless communication strategies, are also discussed.
Highlights
For more than 60 years, biomedical implantable device have been available
The recent focus for biomedical applications is on wireless power transmission (WPT) due to its important benefits, such as facilitating implant surgery in which we avoid connected cable, improving rechargeable reliability, increasing healthcare workers and patients’ safety [5]
The amount of power absorbed by the tissue during the interaction is called specific absorption rate (SAR), which can be expressed by the electric field (E) of the incident wave as follows: SAR 1⁄4 2σρ E2 (11)
Summary
For more than 60 years, biomedical implantable device have been available. Earl Bakken designed and developed for the cardiac pacemaker in 1957, the first transistorized biomedicinal implanted device [1]. If a battery is to be used due to its limited size and lifetime, an operation must be performed in a living body to swap the battery [3] To prevent this invasive operation, a method of wireless transfer of power from outside the body should be developed [4]. The recent focus for biomedical applications is on wireless power transmission (WPT) due to its important benefits, such as facilitating implant surgery in which we avoid connected cable, improving rechargeable reliability, increasing healthcare workers and patients’ safety [5]. In the early 21st century [7] Wireless Power Transfer Methods (WPT) received significant research interest in biomedical implants and neural prostheses Patient tissue safety is one of the key factors in the WPT design for MIDs. The tissue safety is very much dependent on the body's EM constitutive parameters: the microwave power density, the frequency, tissue absorption and the sensitivity of the tissue. Research is focused on implantable medical equipment connected to RF [10]
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