Abstract
Population viscosity, i.e., low emigration out of the natal deme, leads to high within-deme relatedness, which is beneficial to the evolution of altruistic behavior when social interactions take place among deme-mates. However, a detrimental side effect of low emigration is the increase in competition among related individuals. The evolution of altruism depends on the balance between these opposite effects. This balance is already known to be affected by details of the life cycle; we show here that it further depends on the fidelity of strategy transmission from parents to their offspring. We consider different life cycles and identify thresholds of parent–offspring strategy transmission inaccuracy, above which higher emigration can increase the frequency of altruists maintained in the population. Predictions were first obtained analytically assuming weak selection and equal deme sizes and then confirmed with stochastic simulations relaxing these assumptions. Contrary to what happens with perfect strategy transmission from parent to offspring, our results show that higher emigration can be favorable to the evolution of altruism.
Highlights
In his pioneering work on the evolution of social behavior, Hamilton suggested that altruistic behavior would be associated to limited dispersal (Hamilton, 1964, p. 10)
The rationale is that altruism is favored when altruists interact more with altruists than defectors do (Hamilton, 1975, p. 141; Fletcher & Doebeli, 2009), a condition that is met in viscous populations, i.e., populations with limited dispersal
The expected frequency of altruists in a subdivided population can increase with the probability of emigration
Summary
In his pioneering work on the evolution of social behavior, Hamilton suggested that altruistic behavior would be associated to limited dispersal (Hamilton, 1964, p. 10). We denote by B i = B i (X, δ) the expected number of successful offspring of the individual living at site i (“successful” means alive at the time step), and by D i = D i (X, δ) the probability that the individual living at site i dies Both depend on the state of the population X, and on the way the population is updated from one time step to the i.e., on the chosen life cycle ( called updating rule). At the beginning of each step of each life cycle, all individuals produce a large (effectively infinite) number of offspring, in proportion to their fecundity; some of these offspring can be mutated These juveniles move, within the parental deme or outside of it, and land on a site. This is why we are still considering the Moran Birth-Death and Wright-Fisher life cycles in this study
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