Impedimetric Sensor for SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Detection: Performance Assessment with an ACE2 Peptide-Mimic/Graphite Interface

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted the need for the development of new biosensors for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Particularly, systems with qualities such as sensitivity, fast detection, appropriate to large-scale analysis, and applicable in situ, avoiding using specific materials or personnel to undergo the test, are highly desirable. In this regard, developing an electrochemical biosensor based on peptides derived from the angiotensin-converting enzyme receptor 2 (ACE2) is a possible answer. To this end, an impedimetric detector was developed based on a graphite electrode surface modified with an ACE2 peptide-mimic. This sensor enables accurate quantification of recombinant 2019-nCoV spike RBD protein (used as a model analyte) within a linear detection range of 0.167–0.994 ng mL−1, providing a reliable method for detecting SARS-CoV-2. The observed sensitivity was further demonstrated by molecular dynamics that established the high affinity and specificity of the peptide to the protein. Unlike other impedimetric sensors, the herein presented system can detect impedance in a single frequency, allowing a measure as fast as 3 min to complete the analysis and achieving a detection limit of 45.08 pg mL−1. Thus, the proposed peptide-based electrochemical biosensor offers fast results with adequate sensitivity, opening a path to new developments concerning other viruses of interest.