Abstract
Plant parasitic nematodes cause significant crop damage globally. Currently, many nematicides have been banned or are being phased out in Europe and other parts of the world because of environmental and human health concerns. Therefore, we need to focus on sustainable and alternative methods of nematode control to protect crops. Plant roots contain and release a wide range of bioactive secondary metabolites, many of which are known defense compounds. Hence, profound understanding of the root mediated interactions between plants and plant parasitic nematodes may contribute to efficient control and management of pest nematodes. In this review, we have compiled literature that documents effects of root metabolites on plant parasitic nematodes. These chemical compounds act as either nematode attractants, repellents, hatching stimulants or inhibitors. We have summarized the few studies that describe how root metabolites regulate the expression of nematode genes. As non-herbivorous nematodes contribute to decomposition, nutrient mineralization, microbial community structuring and control of herbivorous insect larvae, we also review the impact of plant metabolites on these non-target organisms.
Highlights
Plant parasitic nematodes cause serious damage and yield losses in a wide range of crops throughout the world estimated to cause >$80 billon losses annually (Nicol et al, 2011)
We focus on the effects of specific root metabolites on nematodes ranging from plant parasitic to soil borne free-living nematodes
This review exposes that a diverse array of root chemicals across a range of plant taxa are potentially involved in nematode host location, egg hatching, and survival
Summary
Plant parasitic nematodes cause serious damage and yield losses in a wide range of crops throughout the world estimated to cause >$80 billon losses annually (Nicol et al, 2011). Due to their adverse effects on human health and the environment, chemical nematicides are being banned worldwide, and there is an urgent need for alternative and efficient control measures as well as improved agricultural practices to minimize crop losses. Epidermal cell and roothair feeders are probably relatively harmless, whereas ectoparasites and endoparasites are considered harmful. Endoparasites penetrate into and feed within the root tissue, whereas ectoparasites feed exclusively from the root surface. Female sedentary endoparasites remain at a permanent feeding site within the root for their remaining life, whereas migratory endoparasites maintain mobility and move within and between roots (Yeates et al, 1993)
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