Abstract
BackgroundAdult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be conveniently sampled from bone marrow, peripheral blood, muscle, adipose and connective tissue, harvested from various species, including, rodents, dogs, cats, horses, sheep, goats and human beings. The MSCs isolated from adult tissues vary in their morphological and functional properties. These variations are further complicated when cells are expanded by passaging in culture. These differences and changes in MSCs must be considered prior to their application in the clinic or in a basic research study. Goats are commonly used as animal models for bone tissue engineering to test the potential of stem cells for bone regeneration. As a result, goat MSCs isolated from bone marrow or adipose tissue should be evaluated using in vitro assays, prior to their application in a tissue engineering project.ResultsIn this study, we compared the stem cell properties of MSCs isolated from goat bone marrow and adipose tissue. We used quantitative and qualitative assays with a focus on osteogenesis, including, colony forming unit, rate of cell proliferation, tri-lineage differentiation and expression profiling of key signal transduction proteins to compare MSCs from low and high passages. Primary cultures generated from each source displayed the stem cell characteristics, with variations in their osteogenic potentials. Most importantly, low passaged bone marrow MSCs displayed a significantly higher and superior osteogenic potential, and hence, will be the preferred choice for bone tissue engineering in future in vivo experiments. In the bone marrow MSCs, this process is potentially mediated by the p38 MAPK pathway. On the other hand, osteogenic differentiation in the adipose tissue MSCs may involve the p44/42 MAPK pathway.ConclusionsBased on these data, we can conclude that bone marrow and fat-derived MSCs undergo osteogenesis via two distinct signaling pathways. Even though the bone marrow MSCs are the preferred source for bone tissue engineering, the adipose tissue MSCs are an attractive alternative source and undergo osteo-differentiation differently from the bone marrow MSCs and hence, might require a cell-based enhancer/inducer to improve their osteogenic regenerative capacity.
Highlights
Adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be conveniently sampled from bone marrow, peripheral blood, muscle, adipose and connective tissue, harvested from various species, including, rodents, dogs, cats, horses, sheep, goats and human beings
In order to assess the mechanism of osteogenesis in each of the four MSC primary cultures generated in this study, a combination of immunofluorescence and immunoblotting analyses were used and the expressions of key target proteins, including, osteopontin, p38, p44/42 and bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7), known to have major biological roles in specific phases of the osteogenesis process were investigated
Significant increase in the alizarin red content (Figs. 5b & 6) in differentiated cBMMSCslow data confirms that the cBMMSCs low have the highest potential to undergo osteogenesis
Summary
Adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be conveniently sampled from bone marrow, peripheral blood, muscle, adipose and connective tissue, harvested from various species, including, rodents, dogs, cats, horses, sheep, goats and human beings. MSCs can be isolated from a variety of tissues and species, there is significant variation in their biological properties (morphological and functional changes) [11,12,13,14,15,16,17] These changes can be due to the source of MSCs, age-dependent donor-to-donor variation, and due to the signaling pathways that each cell type undergoes during differentiation. If the cells become over-confluent, cell-to-cell contact can stimulate cell cycle arrest, causing cells to stop dividing, cell-to-cell contact can stimulate cellular differentiation, and genetic and epigenetic alterations can occur, potentially leading to overgrowth of abnormal, culture-adapted cells with decreased differentiation and increased proliferative capacity [19] All these cell culture issues can directly or indirectly affect the biological function of cells obtained during passaging. For controlled animal model experiments, we need to investigate and compare the properties of MSCs from different sources at harvest and during passaging, prior to their use in these experiments
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
