Impact of the Madrid subway on population settlement and land use

One of the basic goals of urban sustainability is to manage urban fl ows effi ciently.Urban transportation is considered one of the aspects that largely generate environmental, social and economic impacts in cities and urban regions.With the increase of automobile dependence, the new perspective about urban transportation has to favor accessibility over mobility.Accessibility is considered one of the main goals of sustainable transportation and it is used as a good concept to develop an integrated land use-transportation planning process.According to this, this paper examines the relationship between urban form and transportation in the Tijuana-Rosarito-Tecate metropolitan region, located in the cross border space between Mexico and the Unites States of America, as a framework to implement a more integrated planning process.The research is conducted at three scales: urban, metropolitan and cross border space.The fi rst stage of this study is developed at the urban scale (Tijuana), analyzing data at the city and district level.Linear correlation analysis was implemented to identify the relation of land use factors and automobile trips.The results in this fi rst stage indicate at the city level that population density and distance from center have negative correlations with automobile trips; significance correlation between urban form factors evidence a segregated land use pattern in Tijuana.At the district level, negative correlations appear in other factors (job density, land use mixture and transit routes density) with no relevant signifi cance; nevertheless, core districts appear as the ones which urban conditions favor other transportation modes.Preliminary conclusions indicate that urban conditions of core districts could be implemented in the rest of the city through new zoning and transportation strategies.

Beyond half-mile circle: Measuring the impact of subway expansion on home-based travels in Beijing, China

The purpose of the study was to investigate arising future challenges of the transport system in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) in the light of a very strong population growth (legal and illegal migration), a strong trend from non-motorised transport to motorised individual transport, a fast transition from motor scooter based individual transport towards a car based individual transport (Ackermann et al., Abschlusbericht zur Verkehrserhebung – SrV-Ho Chi Minh City 1996. Dresden, Technische Universitat Dresden, 1997; Georget, Ho Chi Minh City – Transport modeling in a rapid growth environment – Cube Voyager Model MVA, 2009) and all with these developments related negative impacts on the environment and public health. To support the authorities in HCMC, TU Vienna, Institute of Transportation, was setting up an integrated land use and transport interaction model called MARS (Metropolitan Activity Relocation Simulator) (Emberger et al., Method to identify optimal land use and transport policy packages: a comparison of CBA and indicator based optimisation. In: Proceedings European Conference on Transport 2003, Strasbourg, 2003; Pfaffenbichler, The strategic, dynamic and integrated urban land use and transport model MARS (Metropolitan Activity Relocation Simulator) – development, testing and application. Institute for Transport Planning and Traffic Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, p 274, 2003) in close collaboration with experts from the HCMC University of Transport and the Transport Development and Strategy Institute (TDSI), Ministry of Transport of SR. Vietnam (MOT). With this model it was possible to quantify and assess the effects of potential transport strategies on land use, environment and economy for a time period of 30 years. The results of this research exercise are presented in the following text.

The catchment areas of subway stations have always been considered as a circular shape in previous research. Although some studies show the catchment area may be affected by road conditions, public transportation, land use, and other factors, few studies have discussed the shape of the catchment area. This study focuses on analyzing the anisotropy of catchment areas and developing a sound methodology to generate them. Based on taxi global positioning system (GPS) data, this paper first proposes a data mining method to identify feeder taxi trips around subway stations. Then, a fan-shaped model is proposed and applied to Xi’an Metro Line 1 to generate catchment areas. The number and angle of fan areas are determined according to the spatial distribution characteristics of GPS points. Results show that the acceptable distance of the catchment area has significant differences in different directions. The average maximum acceptable distance of one station is 2.31 times the minimum. Furthermore, for feeder taxis, the overlap ratio of the catchment area is very high. Travelers in several places could choose several different stations during the travel. A multiple linear regression model was introduced to find the influencing factors, and the result shows the anisotropy of the catchment area is affected not only by neighboring subway stations, but also by the road network, distance from the city center, and so on.

A reasonable land use development around subway stations can balance the utilization rates of the subway system during peak and off-peak hours, thereby enhancing its service levels and operational efficiency. Analyzing the temporal distribution patterns of passenger flow and their influencing factors is crucial for determining the optimum ratio of each land use type surrounding metro stations. Thus, this paper employs principal component analysis (PCA) at first to investigate the temporal distribution of metro ridership, and identify their main patterns and factor loadings. Then, using geographically weighted regression, the study examines the spatial dependencies between the main component proportions and influencing factors, focusing on Xi'an subway stations. The results indicate that the temporal distribution of passenger flow can be decomposed into three principal components: the first representing commuting characteristics, and the second and third representing regulating functions. The overall distribution is a composite of these components in varying proportions. Residential and educational land uses primarily drive morning and evening peak flows, with residential land use in the city center and peripheral areas having a more pronounced effect compared to transitional areas. Conversely, commercial & office, healthcare, and recreational & park land mitigate peak flows and increase off-peak flows. External hub enhances passenger flow throughout the day, while industrial land use has negligible impact.

Sustainable development has attracted the attention of social-economic, spatial well-being, and cultural continuity advocates across the world. However, the processes involved in land use as well as urban development have continued to affect the attainment of sustainable development. This study assessed the effects of urbanization and land use planning on achieving sustainable development goals. The data were collected using a survey questionnaire from 384 different government leaders in Greece. The study showed that the indicators of urbanization quality have a positive effect on sustainable development goals. It was revealed that there is a significant relationship between integrated land use strategies and sustainable development goals. The study showed that indicators of urbanization quality are very key to achieving different SDGs. This indicates that sustainable urbanization entails more than just converting agricultural land and forests without making any changes to them into cities, and it is equally one of the answers to the problem of the world’s population growth if it is done with vision and dedication. The study clearly shows that integrated land use strategies are important in achieving the SDGs. In this case, land use planning is mostly a local effort, though some nations employ guiding land use plans created at the regional or inter-municipal level. Furthermore, urbanization opportunities and land-use plans have a great influence on the achievement of sustainable development goals. Notably, the goal of sustainable urban development is to make urban areas “sustainable” as well as to build or reinforce the city’s sustainability-related economic, social, cultural, and environmental aspects. It then goes on to discover how to spread that idea and why it is important to be focused, using various definitions. The fundamental idea of sustainable urban development is then realized by reviewing the ideas and principles of sustainable development. Finally, some general recommendations are made regarding urban planning, sustainable urban development, and the significance of establishing the necessary conditions for its realization. Urban sustainability and proper use of land require structural changes as well as significant, fundamental shifts at all societal levels.

Extended ecological footprint for different modes of urban public transport: The case of Vienna, Austria

According to the International Energy Agency, India was the fourth largest carbon dioxide emitter in the world after China, the United States and the European Union in 2011. Considering the accelerated economic growth dynamics in the Indian cities, the contribution of urban agglomerations to the overall carbon emissions is only going to increase in the coming years. The Government of India has formulated the National Mission on Sustainable Habitat and the National Urban Transport Policy as a part of its efforts to induce low carbon and sustainable urban growth. These policies together advocate integrated land use and transportation planning as a tool to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, there exists no policy to guide integrated land use and transportation in the cities or assist in future decision-making in similar matters. In this paper, a framework is devised for such a state-level integrated land use and transportation policy aimed at reducing GHGs and improving sustainable accessibility. The framework draws policy pointers from similar efforts globally to explore the barriers in implementing such a policy in the Indian context. The research also identifies existing schemes/programmes that can support the implementation for such a policy. The chapter concludes with a list of actions that would facilitate the implementation of an integrated land use and transportation policy in India. Whereas, such a framework is rather befitting new developments, travel demand management can be better utilized to render existing developments less carbon intensive. However, the scope of this paper pertains to new development/growth.

This paper focuses on three interrelated aspects of the relationship between the satellite towns (Renhe Town) and the central city of metropolis Guangzhou. The attention is initially paid to the evolution of the satellite towns. Those towns are recognized as industrial ones although different types could be identified since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949. Then the analysis is turned to the inherent links between Renhe and the central city. Although Renhe has absorbed some decentralized industries, the achievements of constructing satellite towns are not considered satisfactory. This is because the decentralized industries have not given an impetus to the economic growth of Renhe, the town has no close links with the central city in the aspects of finance, employment, economy and technology due to the limitation of the traditional administrative institution, and the decentralized workers are commuters taking the mother city as the sleeping place. Thirdly the problems associated with the construction of satellite towns are examined. Guangzhou is experiencing the major restructuring of industrial structure and therefore it is necessary to decentralize some industries to satellite towns. However, the limits from the central city and the satellite towns are influencing industrial decentralization and construction of satellite towns. The solutions and prospects are finally put forward.

Challenges for grassland science: managing research priorities

As a product of the development of the Internet and the sharing economy, shared bicycles are beneficial in solving the last mile problem of public transportation for urban residents and expanding the service area of urban public transportation to a certain extent. This paper analyses the spatial-temporal characteristics of shared bicycles in the city of Beijing by using kernel density estimation and statistical analysis methods. The maximum coverage location problem model is used to quantify the effects of shared bicycles on the subway and bus urban public transportation systems. The analysis results are of great importance to identify the effects of shared bicycle usage on an urban bus public transportation system from the view of space-time. The results show that (1) shared bicycles are largely located within 1.5 km from the subway station and 500 m from the bus stations; (2) the number of the shared bicycle usage changes along with the distance from the subway and bus stations; (3) subway and bus stations are divided into six types based on the sink-source characteristics of shared bicycles; (4) the service areas of subway and bus stations are expanded by approximately 2.34 and 1.33 times, respectively, after the implementation of shared bicycles.

Heuristic policy analysis of regional land use, transit, and travel pricing scenarios using two urban models

Optimization of land use development plan is important particularly in condition of heavy concentration of urban population such as in Hong Kong. With the growth of population in Hong Kong, there is a need to develop some new residential areas continuously and to decentralize population in the outlying areas such as the satellite towns and/or new towns. The land use planning consists of identifying and selecting potential development areas to meet the expected land requirements. The optimal land use development problem relates to the allocation of population with optimal objective function value. In this case the land production cost includes formation of new areas, construction of public works infrastructure, and provision of other utility services. The optimal land use development plan is chosen from a large number of potential development areas and potential population allocation. This problem can be formulated as a 0-1 programming problem mathematically. In this paper, the genetic algorithm is used to solve the 0-1 programming problem in which some new land use plans are identified in Hong Kong so as to minimise the total development and transportation cost. It is the first work to apply genetic algorithm for land use problem in practice. The developed model will advance this subject and help the authorities decide which new residential areas should be considered for detailed investigation. The Hung Kong 2006 planning data is used for case study.

As the custodian of land use data, PLANMalaysia in 2015 developed a system called the Integrated Land Use Planning Information System (I-Plan) to improve the quality of service delivery by facilitating on-line access of land use information in Peninsular Malaysia. The system was developed using open source software and its implementation involves collaboration between the federal, state and local authorities. I-Plan facilitates the management, storing and updating of land use data through an integrated land use database and on-line smart sharing. With I-Plan, an integrated database system has made possible for land use data collection and updating activities to be standardised and help to produce more accurate and reliable land use data. It also facilitates data sharing between agencies in which all land use data is stored and made available in I-Plan. The introduction of I-Plan provides tremendous benefits not only to PLANMalaysia but also to the government, private sectors and the public. Land use information is updated by I-Plan on a regular basis hence contributes to more up-to-date land use information. I-Plan also helps to reduce cost and save time on geospatial data development planning as it avoids duplication of work previously done by various parties. More importantly, I-Plan helps to facilitate decision-making and also to monitor physical development and land use changes in the country.

With rapid economic development and urbanization, land use in China has experienced huge changes in recent years; and this will probably continue in the future. Land use problems in China are urgent and need further study. Rapid land-use change and economic development make China an ideal region for integrated land use change studies, particularly the examination of multiple factors and global-regional interactions in the context of global economic integration. This paper presents an integrated modeling approach to examine the impact of global socio-economic processes on land use changes at a regional scale. We develop an integrated model system by coupling a simple global socio-economic model (GLOBFOOD) and regional spatial allocation model (CLUE). The model system is illustrated with an application to land use in China. For a given climate change, population growth, and various socio-economic situations, a global socio-economic model simulates the impact of global market and economy on land use, and quantifies changes of different land use types. The land use spatial distribution model decides the type of land use most appropriate in each spatial grid by employing a weighted suitability index, derived from expert knowledge about the ecosystem state and site conditions. A series of model simulations will be conducted and analyzed to demonstrate the ability of the integrated model to link global socioeconomic factors with regional land use changes in China. The results allow an exploration of the future dynamics of land use and landscapes in China.