Abstract
Abstract The coastline of Indonesia, which borders almost 17,500 islands and the sea and extends for more than 80,000 km, is vulnerable to sea level rise. This paper aims to investigate the impact of sea level rise on coastal ecology in Indonesia focusing on coastal area of Jakarta, Pekalongan, Semarang and Demak in the northern part of Java Island. Geo-spatial data, i.e. satellite images and maps were used to monitor the environmental changes and primary data were obtained through field survey and observation on the specified area. In Jakarta, sea level rise has been predicted to bring great damages to infrastructure in coastal area. Multiple impacts of sea level rise towards mangrove, agriculture, and aquaculture ecosystem occurs in Pekalongan. Semarang coastal area also suffers from the widening spread of health problems as the coastal inundation increases. At the same time, Demak experiences major losses on mangrove and aquaculture ecosystem due to sea level rise.
Highlights
Increasing human population, especially after the industrial era, has major impact on natural environment
The threat arises in the form of sea level rise, which is increasing due to ice melting in the polar region, and sea water expansion due to higher temperature (IPCC 2007)
This paper aims to identify various impacts of climate and environmental change-induced sea level rise on the coastal ecology of Indonesia with the focus on the northern part of Java Island, upon which four cities as the study area, i.e. Jakarta, Pekalongan, Semarang, and Demak
Summary
Especially after the industrial era, has major impact on natural environment. The utilization of fossil fuel energy to almost all parts of human activities, including electricity, transportation, and industry, results in the increase of greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere. This condition leads to the worldwide issue of anthropogenic climate change (IPCC 2000, 2007). Unmanaged land use change in coastal area, especially in the urban, makes higher climate change vulnerability foreseeable and the risk and impact of sea level rise increase (Marfai, King 2008). Interview with stakeholders and governmental agencies, such as with the village leaders, key persons, public work agency, planning agency and coastal manager was conducted to obtain data related to existing risk reduction program on the coastal area
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