Abstract
With serious concerns on environmental problems related to CO\(_{2}\) emissions and energy crisis, special attention has recently been paid to Electric Vehicles (EVs). Specifically, an accurate estimation of energy consumption for EV is still a big issue. Therefore, quantifying the impact of various external factors on EV energy consumption, such as road topology, driver profile and traffic conditions is a necessity. In this paper, we review the energy consumption models for EVs. Then, we analyze the impact of the road gradient on EV energy consumption through a set of real world experimentations. The obtained results, allow us to better understand the impact of upward and downward gradient on both energy consumption and energy recuperation processes.
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