Impact of Parental Income, Employment, and Housing on Infant Growth in the First Year of Life in Ramsar City, Iran

Objective To test the hypothesis that consuming Mediterranean diet and using olive oil for cooking/dressing salads during pregnancy might be associated with less wheezing during the first year of the offspring's life. Methods A study was conducted in 1,409 infants (mean age, 16.6 ± 2.5 months) attending healthy infant clinics in Spain. Dietary data of mothers' intake during pregnancy was collected by means of a parental food frequency questionnaire. Demographic information and data on wheezing during the first year of the offspring's life were also recorded. Infants were stratified according to any wheezing (42.2%) during the first year of life. Results In the univariate analysis, adherence to a Mediterranean diet and using olive oil for cooking/dressing salads during pregnancy were both significantly associated with less wheezing during the first year of life. However, after multivariate analysis, only olive oil consumption during pregnancy remained associated with less wheezing in the studied period (aOR = 0.57 [95% CI = 0.4–0.9]); whereas male gender (1.8 [1.4–2.3]), day care attendance (2.15 [1.5–3.1]), maternal asthma (2.16 [1.3–3.6]), maternal smoking during pregnancy (1.83 [1.3–2.2]), infant eczema (1.95 [1.3–2.9]), and mould stains on the household walls (1.72 [1.2–2.5]) remained associated with wheezing. Conclusion Our findings suggest a protective effect (primary prevention) of olive oil use during pregnancy on wheezing during the first year of the offspring's life. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010; 45:395–402. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Commentary

Effective monitoring throughout pregnancy and the first year of life is a crucial factor in achieving lower rates of maternal and infant mortality. Currently, research on socioeconomic factors that influence the lack of adherence to preventive and control measures during pregnancy and the first year of life is limited. The objective of this review is to examine the available evidence on social determinants that influence participation in health promotion and preventive activities throughout the pregnancy journey and in infants during their first year of life. We performed a systematic review of the literature searching in the major scientific databases (PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, WOS, and Cochrane Library) for articles from February 2017 to May 2023 containing information on health inequities that impact participation in health promotion and preventive measures from pregnancy through the first year of an infant's life. A total of 12 studies were selected; these studies were performed in ten different countries on five different continents. The selected studies cover preventive measures during maternal care, vaccination, and immunization during pregnancy and the first year of life, newborn screening, and follow-up of the first 12 months of life. The social factors associated with low adherence to health promotion activities during pregnancy and the first year of life include education, income, ethnicity, place of residence, and family characteristics. Despite the diverse geographical distribution, it is observed that there are common social factors linked to a decrease in the adherence to preventive measures during pregnancy and in the early years of life.

Development of gray and white matter tissue microstructure is critical for the emergence of sensory and cognitive functions. However, it is unknown how microstructural tissue properties of the human visual system develop in the first year of human life. Here, we use tissue relaxation rate () obtained using quantitative MRI to measure the longitudinal development of gray and white matter in brain areas spanning three visual processing streams: dorsal, lateral, and ventral, during the first year of life. in gray and white matter of all visual regions in the three processing streams increases postnatally, indicating microstructural tissue growth. increases faster between 0–6 months than 6–12 months, and faster in white matter than gray matter, with white matter surpassing that of gray matter after two months of age. Strikingly, this microstructural growth is hierarchical: across all streams, early visual areas are more mature at birth than higher-level areas but develop more slowly postnatally than higher-level areas. The exception is TO1 (MT) which is similar to V1: it is microstructurally more mature at birth and develops slower than neighboring areas. Overall, our findings provide the first comprehensive measurement of microstructural tissue growth in infancy across three visual processing streams and propose a new hypothesis that functional development of the visual cortex may be coupled with microstructural development and follows a similar hierarchical trajectory.

Development of gray and white matter tissue microstructure is critical for the emergence of sensory and cognitive functions. However, it is unknown how microstructural tissue properties of the human visual system develop in the first year of human life. Across 85 infant sessions, we used tissue relaxation rate (R1) obtained using quantitative MRI to measure the longitudinal development of gray and white matter in brain areas spanning three visual processing streams: dorsal, lateral, and ventral, during the first year of life. R1 in gray and white matter of all visual regions in the three processing streams increases postnatally, indicating microstructural tissue growth. R1 increases faster between 0-6 months than 6-12 months, and faster in white matter than gray matter, with white matter R1 surpassing that of gray matter after two months of age. Notably, this microstructural growth is hierarchical: across all streams, early visual areas are more mature at birth than higher-level areas but develop more slowly postnatally than higher-level areas. The exception is TO1 (MT), which is similar to V1: it is microstructurally more mature at birth and develops more slowly than neighboring areas. Overall, our findings provide the first comprehensive measurement of microstructural tissue growth in infancy across three visual processing streams and propose a new hypothesis that functional development of the visual cortex may follow the hierarchical pattern of microstructural development.

Community-acquired diarrhoea in a world with rotavirus vaccine: a glimpse into the future.

What should we tell allergic families about pets?

Dietary prevention of allergy, atopy, and allergic diseases

To test how prenatal participation in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) impacts health care utilization and immunizations within the first year of an infant's life. We utilize comprehensive South Carolina Medicaid claims data from 2004 to 2013 linked with birth certificates data from 2004 to 2012. These data contain information on WIC participation and all health care utilization within the first year of an infant's life. We employ a maternal fixed-effects empirical design to control for unobserved factors that influence WIC participation and health care utilization. We estimate that WIC participation increases infant health care utilization within the first year of life by 0.20 well-child visits (95 percent CI 0.16-0.23), by 0.22 vaccinations (95 percent CI 0.17-0.27), and by increasing the probability of receiving care in an emergency room by 2.9 percentage points (95 percent CI 2.0-3.8). Additionally, our results show that WIC participation decreases the average number of days an infant spends in the hospital within his or her first year of life by 0.41days (95 percent CI 0.22-0.60). These findings suggest that WIC may increase health care costs in some dimensions while reducing it in others, and more work is needed to fully evaluate the impact of the program on future expenditures.

To test the hypothesis that consuming Mediterranean diet and using olive oil for cooking/dressing salads during pregnancy might be associated with less wheezing during the first year of the offspring's life. A study was conducted in 1,409 infants (mean age, 16.6 +/- 2.5 months) attending healthy infant clinics in Spain. Dietary data of mothers' intake during pregnancy was collected by means of a parental food frequency questionnaire. Demographic information and data on wheezing during the first year of the offspring's life were also recorded. Infants were stratified according to any wheezing (42.2%) during the first year of life. In the univariate analysis, adherence to a Mediterranean diet and using olive oil for cooking/dressing salads during pregnancy were both significantly associated with less wheezing during the first year of life. However, after multivariate analysis, only olive oil consumption during pregnancy remained associated with less wheezing in the studied period (aOR = 0.57 [95% CI = 0.4-0.9]); whereas male gender (1.8 [1.4-2.3]), day care attendance (2.15 [1.5-3.1]), maternal asthma (2.16 [1.3-3.6]), maternal smoking during pregnancy (1.83 [1.3-2.2]), infant eczema (1.95 [1.3-2.9]), and mould stains on the household walls (1.72 [1.2-2.5]) remained associated with wheezing. Our findings suggest a protective effect (primary prevention) of olive oil use during pregnancy on wheezing during the first year of the offspring's life.

The lessons of noninterventional and interventional prospective studies on the development of atopic disease during childhood.

Reverse causation and confounding‐by‐indication: do they or do they not explain the association between childhood antibiotic treatment and subsequent development of respiratory illness?

In Brief Objective To assess additional risk of newborn death owing to early discharge. Methods This was a historical cohort study using Washington State linked birth certificates, death certificates, and hospital discharge records that covered 47,879 live births in 1989 and 1990. Logistic regression was used to assess risk of death within the first year of life after early discharge (less than 30 hours after birth) compared with later discharge (30–78 hours after birth). Results Newborns discharged early were more likely to die within 28 days of birth (odds ratio [OR] 3.65; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.56, 8.54), between 29 days and 1 year (OR 1.61; 95% CI 1.10, 2.36), and any time within the first year (OR 1.84; 95% CI, 1.31, 2.60) of life than newborns sent home later. Newborns discharged early also were more likely to die of heart-related problems (OR 3.72; CI 1.25, 11.04) and infections (OR 4.72; CI 1.13, 19.67) within 1 year of birth than newborns discharged later. Conclusion Newborns discharged within 30 hours of birth are at increased risk of death within the first year of life. Newborns discharged early are at increased risk of death within the first year of life.

The objective of this paper was to explore the association between diverse factors occurring during the first year of a child?s life and the quality of life later as an adult. The design was a prospective cohort study based on material from the Copenhagen Birth Cohort 1959–61 with 7,222 participants and two sets of questionnaires used: one by a physician during the child's first year and one by the ?adult child? 31–33 years later. The results showed that a mother's attitude towards her pregnancy, unsuccessful abortions, and/or institutionalization left a permanent trace on the child, since these children, as adults, have a quality of life 3% below the average. Meningitis during the first year of life resulted in a quality of life 11.7% below the average, while other illnesses or accidents did not have an effect. The largest associations were found with psychomotor development, where “walking with support” showed a difference of 14.2% in overall quality of life between the fastest and slowest group. Generally, diet is not correlated with quality of life, however, we find a small, but essential, correlation between the quality of life of the adult and the early cessation of suckling (4%). Full-time institutionalization during the first year of life showed a connection with the quality of life of the adult (7.1%). It is concluded that our quality of life, health and ability as adults are primarily determined by what we ourselves choose to do with our lives as young people and as adults - and only to a marginal degree determined by factors related to our background. This suggests that we as adults have a great freedom to achieve a good life despite our experiences in the beginning of life.

ABSTRACTAnxious temperament (AT) is a nonhuman primate phenotype that models childhood behavioral inhibition, a prominent risk factor for anxiety disorders and stress‐related psychopathology. To understand its earliest antecedents, we characterized AT's developmental trajectory over the first year of life. Infant monkeys (n = 35, 24 females) were longitudinally phenotyped for AT by assessing threat‐related increases in freezing behavior, reductions in coo‐calling, and increases in circulating cortisol at 1.5, 6, 12, 24, and 52 weeks. AT levels increased linearly, reaching mature levels by 52 weeks. Individual differences in AT, and its components, were stable across development. These findings support further studies during early primate life aimed to uncover neurobiological factors mediating development of this phenotype, which in humans is linked to stress‐related psychopathology.SummaryAnxious temperament (AT) or behavioral inhibition (BI), a trait‐like characteristic in humans associated with later development of anxiety‐related psychopathology, is evident during earliest weeks of primate life.Developmental patterns of AT and its components (threat‐related freezing, reductions in cooing, increases in plasma cortisol) across the first year of primate life are presented.Individual differences in AT and its behavioral and hormonal components are relatively stable across the first year of life, reaching maturity by one year.