Impact of Nutrition Education and Monitoring on Biochemical Parameters of Type 2 Diabetic Patients at the National Reference General Hospital of N’djamena/Chad

The present study was designed to investigate the antidiabetic activity of aqueous extract of Acacia tortilis polysaccharide (AEATP) from gum exudates and its role in comorbidities associated with diabetes in STZ-nicotinamide induced diabetic rats. Male albino Wistar rats were divided into control, diabetic control, glimepiride treated (10 mg/kg), and diabetic rats treated with 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg dose of AEATP groups and fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, VLDL, HDL, SGOT, and SGPT levels were measured. STZ significantly increased fasting blood glucose level, glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, VLDL, SGOT, and SGPT levels, whereas HDL level was reduced as compared to control group. After 7 days of administration, 500 and 1000 mg/kg dose of AEATP showed significant reduction (P < 0.05) in fasting blood glucose level compared to diabetic control. AEATP has also reduced total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, VLDL, SGOT, and SGPT levels and improved HDL level as compared to diabetic control group. Our study is the first to report the normalization of fasting blood glucose level, lipid profile, and liver enzyme in AEATP treated diabetic rats. Thus, it can be concluded that AEATP may have potentials for the treatment of T2DM and its comorbidities.

Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad fruit is an herbal medicine used by traditional herbalists for the treatment of diabetes in Iran. To determine its efficacy and toxicity, a 2 month clinical trial was conducted in 50 type II diabetic patients. Two groups of 25 each under standard antidiabetic therapy, received 100 mg C. colocynthis fruit capsules or placebos three times a day, respectively. The patients were visited monthly and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglyceride, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, urea and creatinine levels were determined at the beginning and after 2 months. The results showed a significant decrease in HbA1c and fasting blood glucose levels in C. colocynthis treated patients. Other serological parameters levels in both the groups did not change significantly. No notable gastrointestinal side effect was observed in either group. In conclusion, C. colocynthis fruit treatment had a beneficial effect on improving the glycemic profile without severe adverse effects in type II diabetic patients. Further clinical studies are recommended to evaluate the long-term efficacy and toxicity of C. colocynthis in diabetic patients.

To investigate whether diabetes and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels affect the efficacy of remote ischaemic conditioning (RIC) using the database included in the Remote Ischaemic Conditioning for Acute Moderate Ischaemic Stroke (RICAMIS) trial. A total of 1707 patients were enrolled in this post hoc study, including 535 patients with diabetes and 1172 without diabetes. Each group was further divided into RIC and control subgroups. The primary outcome was excellent functional outcome, defined as a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 0 to 1 at 90 days. The difference in the proportion of patients with excellent functional outcome between the RIC subgroup and control subgroup was compared in diabetic and non-diabetic patients, respectively, and the interactions of treatment assignment with diabetes status and FBG were evaluated. Compared with the control group, RIC produced a significantly higher proportion of patients with excellent functional outcome in the non-diabetic group (70.5% vs. 63.2%; odds ratio [OR] 1.487, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.134-1.949; P = 0.004), while a similar, but not significant difference was observed in the diabetic group (65.3% vs. 59.8%; OR 1.424, 95% CI 0.978-2.073; P = 0.065). Similar results were observed in patients with normal FBG levels (69.3% vs. 63.7%; OR 1.363, 95% CI 1.011-1.836; P = 0.042) and those with high FBG levels (64.2% vs. 58%; OR 1.550, 95% CI 1.070-2.246; P = 0.02). Furthermore, we did not find an interaction effect of intervention (RIC or control) by different diabetes status or FBG levels on clinical outcomes (P > 0.05 for all). However, diabetes (OR 0.741, 95% CI 0.585-0.938; P = 0.013) and high FBG (OR 0.715, 95% CI 0.553-0.925; P = 0.011) were independently associated with functional outcomes in patients overall. Diabetes and FBG levels did not influence the neuroprotective effect of RIC in acute moderate ischaemic stroke, although diabetes and high FBG levels were independently associated with functional outcomes.

Objective Vitamin D3 deficiency has been defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3[25-(OH)D3] levels below 30 ng/ml and it is common among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Laboratory studies indicate that 1,25-(OH)D3 suppresses renin expression and vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation, then decreases blood pressure. The aim of the present study is to demonstrate the association between 25-(OH)D3 level and the risk of blood pressure, and its relation with T2DM and body mass index (BMI).Method This study was conducted at Al-Hussein Medical City/Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital, Karbala, Iraq. All samples, 30 apparently healthy subjects as control, N = 30 and 90 patients (equal number of male and female) with T2DM [50 obese with hypertension (G1) and 40 non-obese without hypertension (G2)], were randomly selected from diabetic patients who had attended the diabetic consultation unit from November 2012 to June 2013 with age ranged between 23 and 75 years. Measurement of 25-(OH)D3, fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in addition to blood pressure and BMI were calculated in all samples.Results The results showed that serum 25-(OH)D3 was significantly decreased in G1 and G2 groups (16.8 ± 8.8 ng/ml, 19.5 ± 9.7 ng/ml, respectively), compared with control group (36.0 ± 9.4 ng/ml) at P &lt; 0.001, and 68% of female vs. 57% of male underwent this deficiency. Also 25-(OH)D3 had negative correlation with blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, triglycerides and BMI in diabetic patients in G1 at P &lt; 0.0001 and it had positive significant correlation with HDL-C in G1 and G2 groups.Conclusion It can be concluded that T2DM, systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels correlates significantly with lower concentration of 25-(OH)D3, which suggested that clinical experiences should be taking into account the protective effect of vitamin D in decrease hypertension, which reflects risk factors in diabetic patients with hypertension that leads to metabolic syndrome and then to cardiovascular diseases.

The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between obesity and fertility in Iraqidiabetic men whose body mass index (BMI) more than 25Kg/m2, and compare the results with controlgroup corresponding age and BMI. Forty samples of men semen's were divided into two groups with andwithout diabetes and each group subdivided into two subgroups according to BMI. The parameters thatmeasured in this study are( glucose, insulin and lipid profile in fasting state) also (testosterone, prolactin,alkaline phosphatase) were measured for each of four subgroups [controls(I, II) and diabetes(III, IV)].Semen's analysis included (sperm concentration in ml, total count per ejaculate and viability). In diabeticsubgroup (III) the mean levels of fasting blood glucose, insulin, cholesterol and triglycerides weresignificantly elevated, while significantly decrease in testosterone, prolactin, high density lipoproteinscholesterol, alkaline phosphatase and total sperm count but there were no significant difference in totalcholesterol, the sperm concentration and viability as compared with control subgroup(I). In diabeticsubgroup (IV) the mean levels of fasting blood (glucose, insulin, cholesterol and triglycerides) weresignificantly elevated, while significantly decrease in (testosterone, prolactin, high density lipoproteinscholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, sperm concentration, viability and total sperm count) but there were nosignificant difference in fasting (insulin and high density lipoproteins- cholesterol) as compared withcontrol subgroup(II). In diabetic subgroup(III) the mean of BMI and the mean levels of fasting blood(glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides) significantly elevated, while there were significantly decreasein(testosterone, alkaline phosphatase, sperm concentration, viability and total sperm count but there wereno significant difference in fasting (insulin, high density lipoproteins- cholesterol) and prolactin, ascompared with diabetic subgroup(IV). For all the above biochemical parameters investigated we canconclude that there is inverse- relationship between obesity and fertility which increase in the presence ofdiabetes.

In clinical practice, an unexplained discordance between percentage haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and the progression of diabetes and its complication is observed. HbA1c is determined by the blood glucose level and the red blood cell (RBC) lifespan. Whether the RBC lifespan changes in diabetic patients remains undefined because of the lack of a convenient and accurate measurement method. In the present study, we aim to observe the RBC lifespan in type 2 diabetic patients with poor blood glucose control by an endogenous carbon monoxide (CO) measurement using a rapid and simplified CO breath test machine. The RBC lifespan, age, RBC count, haemoglobin, haematocrit, fasting blood glucose (FBG) level, HbA1c, blood lipids and the liver and kidney function were compared between 38 diabetic patients and 40 healthy individuals. Compared with the control group, in the diabetic patients, the RBC lifespan was significantly decreased by 17.52 ± 4.58 (86.08 ± 18.13 d versus 103.6 ± 22.02 d, p = 0.00). Although a univariate linear correlation analysis showed that the RBC lifespan was negatively correlated with the FBG level (r = −0.386, p = 0.000), haemoglobin A1c (r = −0.346, p = 0.002) and age (r = −0.291, p = 0.010), a stepwise multiple linear regression analysis showed that the RBC lifespan was most affected by the FBG level (t = −3.554, p = 0.001), but not by HbA1c or age, while HbA1c was most affected by the FBG level (t = 13.989, p = 0.000), but not the RBC lifespan. The RBC lifespan in diabetic patients with poor glycaemic control was reduced. The decrease in the RBC lifespan caused by hyperglycaemia was not associated with HbA1c. Thus, a decrease in the RBC lifespan will lead to an underestimation of the actual level of hyperglycaemia and the progression of disease by HbA1c in type 2 diabetic patients if we do not adjust the RBC lifespan.

To explore the correlation between serum interleukin-22 (IL-22) and interleukin-27 (IL-27) levels and vasculopathy in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN). A total of 104 DN patients treated at the Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital were selected as the observation group, with another 104 healthy individuals, serving as the control group in this retrospective study. The baseline data and the serum levels of IL-22 and IL-27 were compared between the two groups. The observation group was divided into three subgroups based on their urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER): clinical albuminuria group (microangiopathy, 29 patients), microalbuminuria group (51 patients), and normal albuminuria group (24 patients). Logistic regression was used to analyze the factors influencing the occurrence of microangiopathy. According to whether they had major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) during 6-month follow-up, the DN patients were divided into a MACE group (n = 39) and a non-MACE group (n = 65). The serum levels of IL-22 and IL-27 were then compared between the two groups. The clinical utility of IL-22 and IL-27 in the assessment of microangiopathy and prognosis was evaluated through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Compared to the control group, the observation group exhibited significantly higher serum levels of fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, uric acid, blood creatinine, cystatin C, IL-22 and IL-27, but lower glomerular filtration rate (all P<0.05). There were significant differences among different albuminuria groups in terms of duration of disease, serum levels of fasting blood glucose, low-density lipoprotein, cystatin C, IL-22, IL-27, and glomerular filtration rate (all P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed that the serum levels of IL-22 and IL-27 were positively correlated with the duration of disease and serum levels of fasting blood glucose, low-density lipoprotein, uric acid, blood creatinine and cystatin C. However, they were negatively correlated with glomerular filtration rate (P<0.05). The logistic regression analysis indicated that the glomerular filtration rate and serum levels of cystatin C, IL-22, and IL-27 were independent risk factors for the occurrence of microangiopathy. Compared to non-MACE group, the MACE group presented with higher serum IL-22 and IL-27 levels. ROC curve analysis showed that the AUC (Area Under the Curve) for combined detection (>0.9) of serum IL-22 and IL-27 levels was higher than that (>0.8) for each alone in assessing microangiopathy in DN patients. Additionally, the AUC for using serum IL-22 and IL-27 levels, whether individually or in combination, exceeded 0.7 when evaluating patient prognosis. Elevated serum IL-22 and IL-27 levels are closely associated with the severity of the DN and can serve as auxiliary indicators for assessing microangiopathy and prognosis in DN patients.

Background: Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) is a common cause of abnormal lipoprotein metabolism and can be influenced by impairment of renal function and metabolic controls in diabetes. Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the level of Haptoglobin and Lipid Profile in Diabetic Nephropathy Patients. Subjects and Method: A prospective case-controlled study was carried out among Diabetic Nephropathy Patients and Control with a total number of 50 DN Patients and 50 Non-Diabetics control subjects respectively. Serum Glucose estimation was analyzed using Glucose Oxidase Peroxidase (GOD) method, Serum Haptoglobin was determined using a Nephelometric method while the Lipid Profile (Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, and HDL-cholesterol) was assayed using an enzymatic method of estimation, while LDL-cholesterol was calculated by Friedewald equation. Body Mass Index (BMI, kgm-2) was calculated from height and weight which were obtained from a questionnaire used to record the demographic features of all the participants/subjects. Result: The results obtained show that serum glucose was significantly increased in Diabetic Nephropathy Patients (8.62 ± 1.34, p&lt;0.05) when compared with control subjects (3.02 ± 0.88, p&lt;0.05). There was also a significant increase (p&lt;0.05) in mean Serum Haptoglobin (38.25 ± 6.67) in Diabetics when compared with control subjects (19.40 ± 3.92). A significant increase was also observed in Triglycerides in DN Patients with a mean of (0.77 ± 0.53, p&lt;0.05) when compared to control subjects (0.63 ± 0.26). However, there were no significant increases in Total Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol, with their mean value of (4.15 ± 1.27 and 1.95 ± 0.72) when compared to control subjects (3.59 ± 1.04 and 3.59 ± 1.04) respectively. While an insignificant decrease was observed in DN Patient’s HDL-cholesterol mean value (0.81 ± 0.34) when compared to control subjects (1.18 ± 0.19). In this study, a strong statistically significant positive correlation was observed in Haptoglobin and Total cholesterol (R= 0.939, P= 0.015), HDL-C (R= 0.897, P= 0.025). Conclusion: This study showed increased levels of Fasting Blood Glucose, Serum Haptoglobin, and Triglycerides increased Diabetic Nephropathy in Ilorin. Lipid control appears to be important in the prevention and treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy. This study suggests that serum Hp levels may be used as a potential biomarker for the early diagnosis of Diabetic Kidney Diseases in Diabetes Patients.

The relationship between the degree of hyperglycaemia and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity was investigated in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria. The study subjects consisted of thirty patients with T2D between the ages of 30–50 years who were divided into low glycaemia group (LGDG; n = 14), with fasting blood glucose (FBG) level ≤ 7 mM and high glycaemia group (HGDG; n = 16)with FBG level > 7 mM. Ten apparently healthy age and sex-matched individuals served as the normal control group (NCG; n = 10). The FBG, G6PD activity and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) level were determined for all subjects. The HGDG had a significant (P 0.05) FBG level (6.10 ± 0.76 mM) compared to the NCG. Conversely, the HGDG had a significantly (P < 0.05) 2-fold lower plasma G6PD activity (24.85 ± 10.72 mU/gHb) compared with the NCG (55.21 ± 10.20 mU/gHb) with no significant difference in the plasma G6PD activity of the LGDG (55.25 ± 18.05 mU/gHb) compared to the NCG. Correlation analyses revealed a strong negative correlation (r = − 0.75) between FBG level and plasma G6PD activity in the HGDG only and not in the LGDG. The data suggests that reduced G6PD activity in the plasma of type 2 diabetic patients in Kano, Nigeria, is mainly associated with poor glycemic control.

Vitamin D supplementation and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis

The objective of this study was to determine the association of 5-HT2C (serotonin 2C receptor) and MDR1 (multidrug resistant protein) genetic polymorphisms and antipsychotic-induced metabolic abnormalities among female patients with DSM IV schizophrenia spectrum disorders. We have previously reported the associations of -759CT 5-HT2C and G2677T and C3435T MDR1 genetic polymorphisms and olanzapine/risperidone-induced weight gain in a similar sample of patients. Here, we included a total of 101 previously non-medicated female patients treated with olanzapine/risperidone over a 3-month period. The variables analyzed included fasting glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein and triglyceride levels in blood, blood pressure and waist circumferences. We observed significant association of -759T 5-HT2C genetic variant and greater increase in waist circumference (P=0.03), fasting glucose level (P=0.046) and triglyceride level (P=0.045) in blood after a 3-month period. The 2677T and 3435T MDR1 genetic variants were significantly associated with the greater increase in fasting glucose level in blood when patients were using olanzapine (P<0.001 and P=0.028, respectively). Our data indicate a possible influence of -759CT 5-HT2C and MDR1 G2677T and C3435T MDR1 genetic polymorphisms on the development of metabolic abnormalities among female patients treated with olanzapine/risperidone.

Introduction To evaluate the association between a novel integrated event-based and hypoxemia-based parameter of polysomnography (PSG), hypoxemic load or HL100, and fasting blood glucose (FBG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels. Methods Adult patients, who underwent an in-lab PSG at University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics with FBG or HbA1c levels were included. Event-based parameter and hypoxemia-based parameter data were derived. HL100, defined as an integrated area of desaturation under 100% oxygen saturation curve during the total sleep time divided by the total sleep time, was calculated by Python software version 3.8.5. Demographic data and glycemic parameters within 1 year prior to PSG(FBG and HbA1c) were retrieved from chart review Spearman correlation analysis and stepwise backward regression analysis were performed to determine independent predictors of FBG and HbA1c levels. Results Of the 467 patients underwent an in-lab PSG, 385 had FBG levels and 239 had HbA1c levels. All event-based and hypoxemia-based parameter; including HL100, were significantly correlated to FBG and HbA1c levels. Stepwise backward regression analyses, adjusting for age, sex, body mass index and diabetes status, revealed that log HL100 was significantly related to FBG (B=20.8, p=0.015), and log oxygen desaturation index was found related to HbA1c levels (B=0.273, p=0.037). Other parameters (e.g. apnea hypopnea index, minimum oxygen saturation) were not independently associated with glycemic parameters. Conclusion HL100 showed a significant positive correlation with FBG and HbA1c levels and only log HL100 was an independent predictor for FBG levels. This might imply that any degree of desaturation below 100% could result in adverse glucose metabolism. HL100 might be useful for interpretation of sleep studies, risk stratification and patient management purposes in the future. Support (if any):

The level of fasting blood glucose (FBG) is influenced by several factors, including health status, genetics, and diet. Some studies have reported a beneficial effect of Ramadan Intermittent Fasting (RIF) on diabetic patients. However, clinical observations have shown that diabetes is exacerbated in some patients. This study aims to investigate the influence of RIF on the FBG level, a biomarker of hyperglycemia and diabetes, and to identify factors associated with variations in FBG levels during RIF among diabetic patients. This study is a cross-sectional study. We monitored the FBG levels of 181 type II diabetic patients over a two-month period, from 20 February to 20 April 2023, which represents the Islamic lunar months of Shaban (8th month) and Ramadan (9th month). Ramadan provides a prominent month of intermittent fasting practice for studying its physiological effects on diabetes. We collected clinical data from each participant, including demographic information, co-morbidities, and medications used during this period. Based on our findings, diabetic patients were classified into three groups depending on the influence of RIF on FBG levels: the positively affected group (44%), whose average FBG levels were reduced; the neutrally affected group (24%), whose average FBG levels did not change; and the negatively affected group (32%), whose average FBG levels increased during the fasting month of Ramadan compared to the previous month. Furthermore, we found that the positive effect of RIF was more frequent among obese, non-geriatric, and male diabetic patients, while the negative effect of RIF was more frequent among patients who were not adhering to the medication. This study concludes that RIF affects FBG levels differently among diabetic patients. These findings should be taken into consideration when treating diabetic patients during the fasting month of Ramadan, and further studies are needed to identify (1) factors associated with inter-individual variation in the response to RIF and (2) those who are great candidates for RIF.

The relationship between thyroid hormones and glucose metabolism is complex. Thyroid hormones, particularly triiodothyronine (FT3) and thyroxine (FT4), play crucial roles in regulating basal metabolic rate, lipid metabolism, and glucose homeostasis. Alterations in these hormones can influence insulin sensitivity and secretion. This study aims to evaluate serum TSH, FT3, FT4, and fasting blood glucose levels to demonstrate the association between thyroid dysfunction and T2DM. This study included 219 male and female participants aged 23 to 74 years; 149 patient participants diagnosed with T2DM using the American Diabetes Association's (ADA) criteria compared with 70 non-diabetic patients. Thyroid function tests, including serum Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Free Triiodothyronine (FT3), and Free Thyroxine (FT4) levels, were performed. The patients divided into three age groups based on WHO age group classification: Young Adults (23-30), Middle-aged adults (31-45) and Old-aged adults (>45). Statistical analysis by SPSS 26 used to determine the relationship between fasting blood glucose and thyroid hormone levels. This study conducted on 219 diabetic and non- diabetic patient males and females 149 males and females' diabetics compared with 70 males and females with non- diabetes mullites disease, age of two groups between 23- 74 years and classified into three groups young adults, middle-aged adults, and old-aged adults. Observed from these results significant difference in the mean levels of FBG in the diabetic patients (116.4±21.1 mg/dL) compared to non-diabetic individuals (96.7±14.1 mg/dL) with a P value=0.031. TSH levels were significantly lower in diabetic patients (2.18±0.97 µIU/mL) than in non-diabetics (3.05±1.09 µIU/mL; P value=0.029). The results showed significant elevated of FT3 levels in diabetic patients (1.81±0.52 pg/mL) compared to non-diabetic's individuals (1.35±0.25 pg/mL; P value=0.048). Also, FT4 levels significantly higher in the diabetic patients (114±17.7 ng/L) compared to the non-diabetic individuals (107±18.4 ng/L; P value=0.018). These results demonstrated that diabetes mellitus play important role associated with changed in both glucose metabolism and thyroid hormone profiles. Significant differences in fasting blood glucose and thyroid hormone levels between the diabetic and non-diabetic patients were observed in this study. The correlation between diabetes, thyroid and glucose metabolism was demonstrated by a negative correlation with TSH and positive correlations with FT3, FT4, and glucose.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a well-known healthcare problem globally. Several factors, including vitamin D level influence cardiovascular diseases. This study was aimed to determine the association of vitamin D (25 [OH] D) levels and serum lipid profiles with T2DM in Bangladesh. The data (n = 111) were collected from the patients’ register record book of BIHS General Hospital (Mirpur, Dhaka). Clinical (age, gender) and biochemical (fasting glucose level, after meal glucose level, HbA1C, lipid profile (HDL, LDL, TG, cholesterol) and 25-hydroxy vitamin D information were included for analysis. Independent sample t-test (two-tailed) was used to compare diabetic (cases, n = 70) and non-diabetic (control, n = 41) groups. Correlation analysis and multiple linear regression assessed unadjusted and adjusted relations between vitamin D levels and other variables, respectively. There was a statistically significant (p &lt;0.001) difference identified in vitamin D levels (mg/dl) between diabetic [mean (range): 23.3 (10.20-38.4)] and non-diabetic [mean (range): 26.9 (20.5-51.4)] subjects. Significantly higher triglyceride, total cholesterol and blood glucose (fasting and after meal) levels were observed in diabetic subjects compared to non-diabetic subjects. However, HDL level was significantly lower in diabetic patients than in non- diabetic patients (40.15 ± 5.56 vs. 42.74 ± 5.72 mg/dl). Pearson correlation analysis exhibited a significantly positive correlation of vitamin D deficiency with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) (r = 0.195, p = 0.040), total cholesterol (r = 0.567, p = 0.046), and LDL (r = 0.897, p = 0.003) levels. Multiple regression analysis showed that vitamin D deficiency was significantly associated with higher glycated hemoglobin A1C (β = - 0.097, p = 0.039), fasting blood glucose (β = - 0.119, p = 0.011), total cholesterol (β = - 0.160, p = 001) and triglyceride (β = - 0.201, p &lt; 0.001) levels. Additional extended and thorough randomized controlled clinical trials are required to draw a more definitive conclusion and accumulate more substantial evidence regarding the positive impact of vitamin D supplements on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 27(2): 175-181, 2024 (July)