Abstract
In this work CoFe2O4 spinel ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized by honey mediated sol-gel combustion method and further annealed at higher temperature 500 °C, 700 °C, 900 °C and 1100 °C. The synthesized spinel ferrite nanoparticles is investigated by x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC), field emission scanning electron microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer. The x-ray diffraction study reveals face-centered cubic spinel cobalt ferrite crystal phase formation. The crystallite size and lattice parameter are increased with annealing temperature. Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectra also confirm spinel ferrite crystal structure of synthesized nanoparticles. The existence of cation at octahedral and tetrahedral site in cobalt ferrite nanoparticles is confirmed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Magnetic measurement shows increased saturation magnetization 74.4 emu g−1 at higher annealing temperature 1100 °C, high coercivity 1347.3 Oe at lower annealing temperature 500 °C, and high remanent magnetization 32.3 emu g−1 at 900 °C annealing temperature. The magnetic properties of synthesized ferrite nanoparticles can be tuned by adjusting sizes through annealing temperature. Furthermore, the dielectric constant and ac conductivity shows variation with frequency (1–107 Hz), grain size and cation redistribution. The modulus spectroscopy study reveals the role of bulk grain and grain boundary towards the resistance and capacitance. The cole-cole plots in modulus formalism also well support the electrical response of nanoparticles originated from both grain and grain boundaries. The dielectric, electrical, magnetic, impedance and modulus spectroscopic characteristics of synthesized CoFe2O4 spinel ferrite nanoparticles demonstrate the applicability of these nanoparticles for magnetic recording, memory devices and for microwave applications.
Highlights
Spinel ferrite nanoparticles have been extensively studied due to its interesting properties for various applications [1,2,3]
The synthesized spinel ferrite nanoparticles is investigated by x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC), field emission scanning electron microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer
The weight loss from room temperature to 110 °C is due to loss of residual water in the ferrite precursor gel, which appears on the DSC curve as an exothermic peak at 90 °C [33]
Summary
Spinel ferrite nanoparticles have been extensively studied due to its interesting properties for various applications [1,2,3]. Our research group investigated the effect of structural changes on magnetic properties of ferrite nanoparticles obtained using starch in sol-gel combustion synthesis [29,30,31]. It is interesting to study formation and property of spinel ferrite nanoparticles synthesized via a method mediated through natural source of glucose and fructose, i.e. honey. We used a green synthesis route via honey mediated sol-gel auto-combustion method to prepare CoFe2O4 spinel ferrite nanoparticles. This is a novel way with a unique combination of biological species with an aqueous solution containing salts of desired metals for sol-gel and self-igniting combustion process. The detailed study of modulus and impedance spectroscopy is carried out to reveal the contribution of grain and grain boundary on electrical transport mechanism and relaxation process
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