Impact of fish oil-enriched high protein peptide-based formula on free fatty acid profiles and metabolomic changes in home enterally fed patients: A pilot study.

Fatty acids and bipolar disorder

The aim of this study was to clarify the seasonal variation in the proximate composition of the free amino acid (AA) and fatty acid (FA) profiles of the European sardine (Sardina pilchardus) from the Adriatic Sea and to better understand the nutritive value needed to organize more effective industrial processing, aquaculture use and to ensure the health benefits for consumers through available bioactive compounds such as omega-3 FA and essential AA. The lipid content ranged from 1.18 to 10.58% during the year, being the highest from July to September. For the first time, this paper reports the monthly variation in AA content in sardines. The highest total AA content was measured during the winter period, from January (843 mg/100 g fillet) to March (953 mg/100 g) with histidine, arginine and threonine being the most dominant. The total content of essential free AA (histidine, threonine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan and lysine) ranged from 137 to 571 mg/100 g fillet (wet weight), recorded in May and March, respectively. The fatty acid profile analyses revealed the major saturated FA as palmitic (C16:0), followed by myristic (C14:0), and stearic (C18:0) acids, and the predominant monosaturated FA as oleic (C18:1n–9) and palmitoleic (C16:1n–7). The high concentrations of polyunsaturated FA in sardines were omega-3 FA, particularly eicosapentaenoic (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA; 20:6n-3) FA. From July to September, their content was the highest (>3.5 g/100 g of sardine fillets), confirming that these species are excellent sources of bioactive lipids.

The present study was conducted to examine the effect of different levels of essential and nonessential amino acid in NCSU-23 medium on the in vitro-produced porcine embryo as it develops from the zygote to the blastocyst stage. Four experiments were performed, each with a completely randomized design involving 5 to 8 replications of treatments. In order to know the effect of nonessential amino acids in NCSU-23 medium, 0, 5, 10 and 20 μl/ml MEM were supplemented there to, (Exp. 1) and the medium was supplemented with same level of essential amino acids (Exp. 2). The combined effect of nonessential (0, 5, 10 and 20 μl/ml MEM) and essential amino acids (0, 5, 10 and 10 μl/ml MEM) in NCSU-23 medium (Exp. 3), first 72 h with non-essential amino acids (at 0, 5, 10 and 20 μl/ml MEM), and last 4 d with essential amino acids with the same level as NEAA (Exp. 4) were examined. The embryo development was monitored and the quality of blastocysts was evaluated by counting the number of total cells and determining the ratio of inner cell mass (ICM) to trophoectoderm (TE) cells. When Eagle's nonessential amino acids (MEM) added to NCSU-23 medium, it significantly increased the likelihood of development to the 2- to 4-cell stage and subsequent blastocyst development. Supplementation of different levels of essential amino acids in the NCSU-23 medium decreased cleavage rate, rate of morula and blastocyst development and the number of ICMs. In the case of the combined effect of essential and nonessential amino acids, better and significant results were found for blastocysts, hatching blastocysts and for ICM numbers which were also dose dependent. With respect to the biphasic effect of nonessential and essential amino acids, nonessential amino acids increased cleavage whereas essential amino acids increased the total cell number. Neither the nonessential nor the essential group of amino acids, on their own, affected blastocyst cell number or the differentiation of cells in the blastocyst. In conclusion, this study determined the role of nonessential and essential amino acids in the culture of the porcine embryo and showed that the embryo requires different levels of amino acids as it develops from the zygote to the blastocyst stage.

Since the original American Heart Association (AHA) Science Advisory was published in 1996,1 important new findings have been reported about the benefits of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular disease (CVD). Omega-3 fatty acids are obtained from two dietary sources: seafood and certain nut and plant oils. Fish and fish oils contain the 20-carbon eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and the 22-carbon docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), whereas canola, walnut, soybean, and flaxseed oils contain the 18-carbon α-linolenic acid (ALA). ALA appears to be less potent than EPA and DHA. The evidence supporting the clinical benefits of omega-3 fatty acids derive from population studies and randomized, controlled trials, and new information has emerged regarding the mechanisms of action of these nutrients. These are outlined in a recent Scientific Statement, “Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease.”2 See page e20 Large-scale epidemiologic studies suggest that people at risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) benefit from consuming omega-3 fatty acids from plants and marine sources. Although the ideal amount to take is not firmly established, evidence from prospective secondary prevention studies suggests that intakes of EPA+DHA ranging from 0.5 …

Simple SummaryUntil now, only a limited number of studies have addressed the influence of combining grazing with total mixed rations (TMRs), in Jersey cows, on milk biocomponents and antioxidant capacity. Thus, the main objective of this study was to compare fatty acid (FA) profiles and antioxidant capacity in milk yielded by cows fed either using a TMR or a partial mixed ration (pTMR) combining a TMR and grazing. The second objective consisted in evaluating FA profiles and changes in lipophilic antioxidants in milk during the grazing period and related to pasture chemical composition. Although the pTMR feeding system led to a decreased daily milk production, milk quality was improved. By comparison, cows having access to pasture (pTMR group) yielded a milk with a higher fat and protein content, but with lower saturated FAs (SFA) and a higher content of unsaturated FAs considered benefic for human health (vaccenic acid (VA), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), and omega-3 FA (n-3 FA)). Similarly, lipophilic antioxidant (α-tocopherol, retinol, and β-carotene) content was higher in the pTMR group, resulting in a higher total antioxidant capacity in milk. The grazing period showed a significant influence on milk quality; in the milk from the pTMR group, the highest concentrations of benefic FAs (VA, CLA, and n-3 FA), the highest concentration of fat-soluble antioxidants, and the best antioxidant activity, respectively, were obtained in the first grazing period (May), in accordance with the pasture’s chemical composition.This study was carried out to assess the effect of using pasture combined with total mixed ration (TMR) on milk production and composition, fatty acid (FA) profiles, fat-soluble antioxidant content, and total milk antioxidant capacity (TAC). In addition, the effect of milk pasteurization and storage at 2 °C for 4 days, lipophilic antioxidants and TAC were assessed. Two homogeneous groups of Jersey cows (n = 8) were constituted, which were randomly assigned to one of the two treatments: TMR (without access to pasture), or partial mixed diet (pTMR: grazing 8 h/day + TMR indoors). To establish FA profiles and lipophilic antioxidants’ changes in milk during the grazing period, in case of the pTMR group the experimental period was spilt in three grazing periods: P1 (May), P2 (June), and P3 (June/July). Milk yielded from cows having limited access on pasture (pTMR diet) showed an improved FA profile, with higher concentrations of FAs considered benefic for human health (vaccenic acid (VA), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), omega-3 FA (n-3 FA)) (p < 0.01) and a lower concentration of FAs with hypercholesterolemiant potential (C12:0, C14:0, and C16:0) (p < 0.05), compared to that of the TMR diet. This change in FA profile was correlated with improved sanogenous lipid indices of milk fat (n-6/n-3 FA atherogenic index and thrombogenic index). Milk yielded during the P1 grazing period had higher concentrations of VA, CLA, and n-3 FA (p < 0.05) and lower concentrations of C14:0 and C16:0 (p < 0.01); it exhibited the best values for the main sanogenous fat lipid indices of fat. Moreover, pTMR milk showed a higher α-tocopherol, retinol, and β-carotene content (p < 0.05), positively correlated with TAC values in milk (P1 ˃ P2 ˃ P3). By comparison, cows fed using the TMR diet yielded a higher quantity of milk (p < 0.05), but a lower fat and protein content (p < 0.01), and also a higher saturated FAs and n-6 FA content (p < 0.05) together with a lower concentration of lipophilic antioxidants in milk. Thermal treatment showed no effect on α-tocopherol and retinol content in milk, but their concentrations decreased during the storage, at the same time a TAC decrease. The results of this study prove the positive effect of using pasture combined with TMR on FA profiles, milk antioxidant content, and antioxidant capacity, with beneficial effects on nutrition and health in humans.

Low Levels of Branched Chain Amino Acids, Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Micronutrients Are Associated with Low Muscle Mass, Strength and Function in Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

IntroductionMalnutrition affects 50% of hospitalized children and 25–70% of critically ill children. Enteral tube feeding is generally considered the preferred modality for critically ill pediatric patients. Clinical advantages of using peptide-based formulas are still controversial in critically ill children. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of a peptide-based formula versus a standard polymeric formula on feeding tolerance and whether this will affect the outcome among critically ill children.Material and methodsThis single blind case control study was conducted on 180 randomly selected critically ill children in the pediatric critical care unit (PICU) of Ain Shams University. Patients were divided into 2 groups: a group receiving a standard polymeric formula (group 1; 90 patients) and a group receiving a peptide-based formula (group II; 90 patients). Nutritional requirements, days to reach full enteral feeding, feeding intolerance symptoms and anthropometric measurements were recorded for all patients at admission together with their pediatric risk of mortality score (PRISM). Length of PICU stay, occurrence of sepsis together with survival were analyzed at discharge as outcome measures.ResultsPatients receiving a peptide-based formula showed a significant decrease in feeding interruptions and abdominal distention (p < 0.000), reached full enteral feeding faster (2.60 ±0.74 days versus 5.36 ±1.00 days in patients received polymeric standard formula; p < 0.001) and improved weight gain (p < 0.028). Moreover, duration of sepsis was significantly shorter (p < 0.045), but no difference in mortality was recorded between patient groups.ConclusionsPeptide-based formula feeding was better tolerated than standard polymeric formula feeding in critically ill pediatric patients. However, the choice of patients receiving the peptide-based formula needs to be further evaluated.

The influence of dietary amino acid profile on growth and immune response was investigated in growing quails (n = 928) divided into 24 subgroups. Eight dietary treatments with four levels of essential amino acids (EAA), viz. 90, 100, 110 and 120% of NRC, each with or without fishmeal (FM), were formulated following a four (EAA levels) times two (protein type) factorial design. Each treatment was allotted to three replicates up to 5 weeks of age. After 5 weeks of age 10 quails were randomly sacrificed from each treatment to study the relative weight of immune organs. Live weight gain was significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) in diets containing 120% EAA with or without FM and 110% EAA with FM during 0 to 21 days of age. However, live weight gain from 21 to 35 days of age was higher (P &lt; 0.01) in quails received diets containing 90% EAA with or without FM and 100% EAA without FM than in other dietary treatments. Live weight gain increased linearly (P &lt; 0.01) with the increase in EAA levels overall (0–35 days). Feed intake was higher (P &lt; 0.01) in diets with higher EAA levels (110 and 120%) from 0 to 21 days. The interaction of EAA and protein type influenced (P &lt; 0.05) feed intake from 21 to 35 days of age. There was linear decrease (P &lt; 0.01) in feed intake with the lowering of EAA level up to 100% during 0 to 35 days. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was better (P &lt; 0.01) up to day 21 at higher EAA levels (110 or 120%) while during days 21 to 35 better FCR was calculated (P &lt; 0.01) in diet with low EAA levels (90 or 100%). FCR was improved in all vegetable protein diet in comparison with FM diet. Energy efficiency up to 21 days of age was better (P &lt; 0.01) at high EAA levels (110 and 120%), while thereafter better at low (P &lt; 0.01) EAA levels (90 and 100%). Protein efficiency improved linearly (P &lt; 0.01) with decreasing EAA level. Humoral (SRBC) and cellular (PHA‐P) immune response did not differ in response to EAA levels or protein type. Higher (P &lt; 0.01) relative weight of spleen was recorded at 100% EAA level, while the relative weight of thymus was higher in diet containing 110% EAA level without fishmeal. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry

Sahoaki (Tripneustes gratilla), abundant in Sangihe Island, is a food ingredient by local people. This study aims to determine the chemical composition, fatty acid profile (bioactive content of omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9 fatty acids), and amino acid profile of the sahoaki gonads from Sangihe Island, Indonesia. The fatty acid profile was tested using the Gas Chromatography method (GC 7890B), while the amino acid profile was tested using Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results of research on fresh sahoaki gonads showed that the chemical composition: water content (84.24 and 85.99)%, fat (3.77 and 2.67)%, protein (10.12 and 9.34)%, carbohydrates (0.08 and 0.05)%, and ash (3.19 and 2.95)%. Fatty acid profile: there are 14 saturated fatty acid profiles, seven monounsaturated fatty acid profiles, nine polyunsaturated fatty acid profiles, the total content of omega-3 (19.46 and 15.95%), omega-6 (16.25 and 16, 39 %), and omega-9 (12.94 and 13.94%). Seven amino acid profiles were detected, consisting of five essential amino acids and two non-essential amino acids. Sahoaki gonads have good nutritional value because they contain high omega-3, Omega-6, and Omega-9 fatty acids and are equipped with essential amino acids, which have the potential as functional food ingredients.

This research examines the nutritional characteristics of novel-prepared plant-based vegan snacks (PVSs). The proximate composition, mineral content, amino and fatty acid profiles, volatile compounds, phytochemicals, antioxidant activity, and in vitro protein and carbohydrate digestion in prepared snacks were analyzed. The PVSs were mainly prepared by mixing blanched broccoli, pumpkin, chickpeas, whole oat flour, red sweet pepper, fresh onion and garlic, leafy vegetables, and mixed spices, then homogenated, shaped, and freeze-dried. Consequently, sensory evaluation was used to select the most favored PVS; PVS2 contains 25% broccoli and 25% chickpeas, which was the superior model of this study and was analyzed further. The moisture content, crude protein, crude fat, ash, crude fiber, and available carbohydrates were 74.80, 3.40, 28.18, 4.97, 7.86, 3.69, and 51.89 g 100 g−1 of PVS2 (containing 25% of either broccoli or chickpeas), respectively. The results showed that the highest mineral content in macro-elements was sodium, followed by potassium. The PVS2 formula provides 95.24 Kcal 100 g−1 and 54.28 mg 100 g−1 of vitamin C on fresh weight (fw). Consequently, TPC, TCs, TF, TFL, and AOA exhibited valuable content. The HPLC analysis revealed that fifteen phenolics were quantified, with predomination of chlorogenic acid (1741.60 μg g−1), phenolic acid, and naringenin (302.38 μg g−1) as flavonoids, as well as Daidzein (22.27 μg g−1) as an isoflavone. The GC-MS quantification of volatiles exhibited more components; at least 37 displayed concentrations higher than 0.1%. The predominant volatile was cis-13-octadecenoic acid. The percentage of essential amino acids (EAAs) was 25%, and the percentage of non-essential amino acids (NEAAs) was 75%. Among the EAAs and NEAAs, phenylalanine and glutamic acid were the highest, respectively. The fatty acids (FAs) profile exhibited that saturated fatty acids (SFA) and unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) were 20.2% and 79.2%, respectively. The predominant FA in PVS2 was cis-11,14,17-Eicosatrienoic acid, with a percentage of 37.13%, followed by cis-8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic acid, with a percentage of 36.02%. Omega-3 fatty acids reached 39.04%, followed by omega-6 fatty acids at 38.95%. The degree of protein degradation values for the sample was 292.09 mg NH3 g−1 before digestion and increased to 2106.77 mg NH3 g−1 after enzymatic digestion. The glycemic index (GI) of PVS2 was estimated to be 21.12, slightly higher than individual vegetables’ GI. Finally, a prepared PVS may be advantageous for recommending the enhancement and further development of diverse snacks to satisfy the nutritional needs of healthy persons and patients across various age demographics.

Nutrient restriction reprograms cellular signaling and metabolic network to shape cancer phenotype. Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) has a key role in aerobic glycolysis (the Warburg effect) through regeneration of the electron acceptor NAD+ and is widely regarded as a desirable target for cancer therapeutics. However, the mechanisms of cellular response and adaptation to LDHA inhibition remain largely unknown. Here, we show that LDHA activity supports serine and aspartate biosynthesis. Surprisingly, however, LDHA inhibition fails to impact human melanoma cell proliferation, survival, or tumor growth. Reduced intracellular serine and aspartate following LDHA inhibition engage GCN2-ATF4 signaling to initiate an expansive pro-survival response. This includes the upregulation of glutamine transporter SLC1A5 and glutamine uptake, with concomitant build-up of essential amino acids, and mTORC1 activation, to ameliorate the effects of LDHA inhibition. Tumors with low LDHA expression and melanoma patients acquiring resistance to MAPK signaling inhibitors, which target the Warburg effect, exhibit altered metabolic gene expression reminiscent of the ATF4-mediated survival signaling. ATF4-controlled survival mechanisms conferring synthetic vulnerability to the approaches targeting the Warburg effect offer efficacious therapeutic strategies.

The current study aimed to clarify the fatty acids profile in the breeding stock ovaries of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fed on two food additives. The study was carried out in the Shrimp Hatchery which belonging to the Basrah Agricultural Directorate. Three treatment groups were used, the first treatment (T1) represented as control without any food additives, the second treatment (T2) supplemented with 5 g/kg omega-3 fatty acids, and the third treatment (T3) to which vitamin E was added at a concentration of 200 mg/kg. Fishes were randomly distributed in three replicates for each treatment with six of common carp brood stock per replicate. Nine cages were used which placed in earthen pond. Feeding trail lasted from 29 Oct 2018 to 14 Mar 2019. After feeding fish for 82 days, the oil was extracted from gonads by two methods, the first one by Soxhlet apparatus and the second by Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) method. The fatty acid profiles were analyzed using gas chromatograph by GC/MS (Gas Chromatography Mass spectrometry). Results showed that the content of fatty acids in the ovaries of treated fishes in T1, the presence of saturated and unsaturated omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, were monounsaturated fatty acid (C19H36:1) scored the highest percentage (52.55%). Fishes in T2 recorded the presence of saturated and unsaturated omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids were omega-12 (C18H34:12) recorded the highest percentage (50.02%), while T3 fishes showed the presence of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids from the group of omega-6 fatty acids and the unsaturated fatty acid omega-9 (C18H34:9) record the highest percentage (63.24%).In conclusion this study suggested that the content of fatty acids in fish ovaries reflects the composition of fatty acids in the diet.

Tissue Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio and Risk for Coronary Artery Disease

Rationale for different formulations of omega-3 fatty acids leading to differences in residual cardiovascular risk reduction

Serum fatty acid profiles using GC-MS and multivariate statistical analysis: potential biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease