Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) and intermittent fasting (IF) are strategies aimed to promote health beneficial effects by interfering with several mechanisms responsible for cardiovascular diseases. Both dietary approaches decrease body weight, insulin resistance, blood pressure, lipids, and inflammatory status. All these favorable effects are the result of several metabolic adjustments, which have been addressed in this review, i.e., the improvement of mitochondrial biogenesis, the reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and the improvement of cardiac and vascular function. CR and IF are able to modulate mitochondrial function via interference with dynamics (i.e., fusion and fission), respiration, and related oxidative stress. In the cardiovascular system, both dietary interventions are able to improve endothelium-dependent relaxation, reduce cardiac hypertrophy, and activate antiapoptotic signaling cascades. Further clinical studies are required to assess the long-term safety in the clinical setting.
Highlights
Increased energy intake with a continuous positive, energetic balance is obviously associated with obesity and results in high cardiometabolic morbidity and mortality (Pierce et al, 2008)
The results showed that proteins related to mitochondrial fission (FIS1 and dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1)) increased with caloric restriction (CR), but the three fusion proteins examined (MFN1, MFN2, and OPA1) did not exhibit changes (Khraiwesh et al, 2013)
CR decreased blood pressure, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol and the 10-yr risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD)-disease was reduced by 30%; homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) decreased during weight loss in the CR group
Summary
Increased energy intake with a continuous positive, energetic balance is obviously associated with obesity and results in high cardiometabolic morbidity and mortality (Pierce et al, 2008). The cardiometabolic benefits can be summarized as follows: decrease in body weight and fat mass, improvement of insulin sensitivity, decrease in blood pressure, lipid-lowering effect, and decrease in the level of serum inflammatory markers (Johnson et al, 2016; Brandhorst and Longo, 2019). All these beneficial effects are the results of several metabolic adaptations, which will be discussed in this review: the improvement of mitochondrial biogenesis, the decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and the improvement of cardiac and vascular function
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