Abstract
The increased penetration of renewables is beneficial for power systems but it poses several challenges, i.e., uncertainty in power supply, power quality issues, and other technical problems. Backup generators or storage system have been proposed to solve this problem but there are limitations remaining due to high installation and maintenance cost. Furthermore, peak load is also an issue in the power distribution system. Due to the adjustable characteristics of loads, strategies on demand side such as demand response (DR) are more appropriate in order to deal with these challenges. Therefore, this paper studies how DR programs influence the operation of the multi-microgrid (MMG). The implementation is executed based on a hierarchical energy management system (HiEMS) including microgrid EMSs (MG-EMSs) responsible for local optimization in each MG and community EMS (C-EMS) responsible for community optimization in the MMG. Mixed integer linear programming (MILP)-based mathematical models are built for MMG optimal operation. Five scenarios consisting of single DR programs and DR groups are tested in an MMG test system to evaluate their impact on MMG operation. Among the five scenarios, some DR programs apply curtailing strategies, resulting in a study about the influence of base load value and curtailable load percentage on the amount of curtailed load and shifted load as well as the operation cost of the MMG. Furthermore, the impact of DR programs on the amount of external and internal trading power in the MMG is also examined. In summary, each individual DR program or group could be handy in certain situations depending on the interest of the MMG such as external trading, self-sufficiency or operation cost minimization.
Highlights
The increasing load demand, the intermittent supply of power grid, and the elevating association of distributed generations (DGs) along with energy storage systems (ESSs) are the major problems for power systems presently
A synthesis of various demand response (DR) programs and their impact on the optimal operation of MMG was analyzed in this paper
The test of DR programs on the MMG system triggered a study about their impact on the amount of external and internal trading power in the MMG
Summary
The increasing load demand, the intermittent supply of power grid, and the elevating association of distributed generations (DGs) along with energy storage systems (ESSs) are the major problems for power systems presently. In some peak periods, the power supply cannot fulfill the high amount of load demand In this situation, MG has to import an amount of power from the utility grid with high price in order to maintain power balance, resulting in operation cost increase. The MAS was applied in [32] when the authors proposed a combination of economic dispatch (ED) and DR to benefit customers and reduce generation costs at once Most of these studies considered the application of only one type of DR program. IBDR consists of many DR types such as direct load control, demand bidding/buyback programs, emergency demand response program (EDRP), capacity market programs, interruptible/curtailable, and ancillary services market programs [16] These types of DR can be applied in many ways to fulfill the objectives given by grid operators or customers.
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