Impact of Classical Modulation Signals on Quantum Key Distribution Over Multicore Fiber

Abstract

In this paper, the influence of noise induced by classical signals on independent core transmitting quantum key distribution (QKD) is studied over multicore fiber (MCF). We propose a theoretical model of the cascaded noise of spontaneous Raman scattering and inter-core crosstalk (SpRS-ICXT), and the cascaded noise of four-wave mixing and inter-core crosstalk (FWM-ICXT) considering modulation frequency over MCF. To analyze the effect of modulation frequency on QKD, we define and simulate the average power difference and power fluctuation difference of SpRS-ICXT and FWM-ICXT. Then, SpRS-ICXT and FWM-ICXT noises are simulated in two cases: (1) 1 or 3 classical channels and 1 km MCF; (2) 8 or 16 classical channels and 45 km MCF. For the latter case, SpRS-ICXT and FWM-ICXT noises have a serious impact on QKD. Therefore, the impact of noise on QKD is studied. A higher modulation frequency can improve QKD performance, and the secure transmission distance can be further extended by 15.2% when the modulation frequency is 10 GHz relative to ignoring the modulation frequency. However, inter-core crosstalk (ICXT), SpRS-ICXT and FWM-ICXT noises will shorten 52.2% secure transmission distance compared to only transmitting QKD. Finally, the noise of quantum channel is experimentally measured at different symbol rates and modulation formats of classical signals, and it is shown that increasing the symbol rate of data signals at the same optical power degrades the secure key rate of QKD system.