Impact of cement dust exposure on haematological, immune, and oxidative status of block molders in Benin City, Nigeria: A comparative assessment

To the Editor, Human parvovirus B19 (PV-B19) causes erythema infectiosum, hydrops fetalis, and transient aplastic crisis in immunocompromised patients with chronic hemolytic anemia, arthralgia, and chronic pure red cell aplasia [1]. It may also cause autoimmune hemolytic anemia [2] (which presents as aplastic crisis with reticulocytopenia or increased erythropoiesis with reticulocytosis) [3], autoimmune thrombocytopenia/neutropenia, myelodysplastic syndrome, leukoerythroblastosis, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and leukemia [1]. Transient aplastic crisis manifests as sudden exacerbation of anemia in patients with chronic hemolytic anemia, with severe reticulocytopenia lasting 7-10 days in the absence of erythroid precursors due to lysis of the precursors by PV-B19 [4]—the hallmark of which is giant pronormoblasts in the bone marrow [5]. Hemolytic crisis in hereditary spherocytosis (HS) is characterized by more pronounced jaundice than that in stable state of HS due to accelerated hemolysis and probable viral infection [6]. Herein we describe a patient that presented with hemolytic crisis as the initial manifestation of HS during PV-B19 infection—in contrast to the expectation of transient aplastic crisis [7]. This condition was attributed to coexistent herpes virus infection. The patient had a low mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) due to the thalassemia trait, which masked spherocytosis. A 15-year-old female was presented for evaluation of anemia. She had a 4-month history of progressive pallor, fatigue, scleral icterus, and dark urine. She has had intractable pallor since nearly 3 years of age Icterus was not noted until four months prior to her presentation to our hospital. Her brother also had pallor without icterus. Physical examination showed pallor, scleral icterus, and hepatosplenomegaly (spleen and liver extended the costal margins by 4 cm and 3 cm, respectively). Laboratory findings were as follows: hemoglobin level: 75 g/L; hematocrit: 24.1%; red blood cell count (RBC):4.11x1012/dL; platelet count: 279 x 109/L; white blood cell count: 7.3 x 109/L: mean corpuscular volume (MCV): 59.5 fL: mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration MCHC 31.5 g/dl (N: 32.7-35.6 g/dl); mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH): 18.5 pg (normal range: 27.2-33.5 pg); red blood cell distribution width: 21% (normal range: 11.8%-14.3%); reticulocyte count: 2.2% (normal range: 0.6%-2.6%). Peripheral blood smear showed anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, hypochromia, and spherocytes. Direct and indirect Coombs tests were negative, and total/indirect bilirubin was 1.68/1.33 mg/dL, haptoglobin was <5.83 mg/dL (normal range: 36-195mg/dL), plasma hemoglobin was 7% (normal: <3), serum lactate dehydrogenase was 254 IU/L, and Hb A2 was 4.37%. Bone marrow aspiration showed erythroid hyperplasia, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyrimidine 5’ nucleotidase, pyruvate kinase, CD 55, and CD 59 evaluation of CD 55, and CD 59 on granulocytes by flow cytometry were normal. Collagen tissue disease markers were negative. Abdominal ultrasonography showed splenomegaly and elevated osmotic fragility. Herpes simplex virus HSV type 1-2 IgM was positive. PV-B19 PCR was 75.3 copies/mL in plasma, based on real-time PCR (normal: negative). The patient was diagnosed as hereditary spherocytosis and thalassemia trait, with coexistent PV-B19 and herpes virus infections.The hemoglobin level was found to have increased spontaneously to 88 g/L and her pallor and scleral icterus were found resolved at the end of in her evaluation made on 46th day of admission At this time blood smear findings and mild indirect hyperbilirubinemia persisted and PV-B19 DNA showed 13 copies and HSV type 1-2 IgM was still positive. Viral serological tests may cross react with each other and we couldn’t perform HSV PCR. But HSV IgG was found to have increased from 6.15 to 113.2 RU/mL on the 46th day of admission and this confirmed that PV-B19 and HSV infected the patient coexistently., The presented patient had mild HS, which manifested first as hemolytic crisis due to herpes virus infection, although infection by other viruses we didn’t test for could not be excluded. Her RBC count was within the lower limits of normal, which is unexpected in a patient with hemolytic anemia and the thalassemia trait. We think the normal RBC and reticulocyte counts, despite erythroid hyperplasia of the bone marrow, were indicative of repressed erythropoiesis due to PV-B19 infection. The presented case highlights the fact that, in the setting of chronic mild hemolytic anemia, patients in hemolytic crisis that have normal reticulocyte and RBC counts should be tested for PV-B19 infection and accompanying other viral infections . Clinicians should be aware that MCH and MCHC are not elevated in HS patients with thalassemia trait. Conflict of Interest Statement None of the authors have any conflicts of interest, including specific financial interests, relationships, and/or affiliations, relevant to the subject matter or materials included.

The health benefits and medicinal properties of herbal food products are known since antiquity. Fenugreek, Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn (T. foenum-graecum, Fabaceae), a seed spice used to enhance flavor, color and texture of food is employed for medicinal purposes in many traditional systems. Ethno botanical survey of T. foenum-graecum revealed the seeds of the plant to be useful in anemia. The objective of this study was to study the ant-anemic effect of hydroalcoholic extract of seeds of T. foenum-graecum against phenylhydrazine induced anemic rat model. The hydroalcoholic extracts of seeds were prepared by soxhlation. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts was performed using standard testing procedures. Hemolytic anemia was induced in male Wistar rats by intraperitoneal administration of phenylhydrazine HCl (PHZ) at doses of 40 mg/kg of body weight during two successive days then one day after the animals were treated orally by the hydroalcoholic extracts with the amounts of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of body weight and Dexorange (reference drug) up to 13 days. The rats were analyzed for hematological parameters such as hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell count (RBC) and white blood cell count (WBC) on day 2 and 13. Phytochemical screening of the extracts indicated the presence of carbohydrates, saponins, sterols, polyphenols, tannins and flavonoids. Anemia was induced successfully in Groups II, III, IV and V which was indicated by a mean reduction of 51.6% in RBC count; 52.85% in Hb content and 54.9% in WBC. Analysis of hematological parameters on day 13 showed that extract significantly (p&lt;0.05) improved Hb, RBC and WBC count at a dose of 400 mg/kg body weight. This study, not only substantiates the folklore use of the seed of T. foenum-graecum, but also suggests its inclusion in the treatment of anemia as it exhibited significant anti-anemic activity&#x0D; Keywords: Trigonella foenum-graecum, Anemia, Phytochemical analysis, Phenyl hydrazine, Dexorange

Background: Malaria is a disease caused by a parasite called Plasmodium, which is transmitted by the bite of infected female anopheles mosquito. Plasmodium is a hemiparasite that affects red blood cells leading to their destruction (Hemolysis). In malaria disease, there is an increased bilirubin levels due to hemoglobin breakdown, decreased red blood cell count due to hemolysis and increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate value due to inflammation. Aim: This study was aimed at evaluating the effects of malaria parasitemia on erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), red blood cell count (RBC), and bilirubin levels in affected adults attending federal university teaching hospital, Owerri, Nigeria. Method: A total of 90 subjects were recruited for the study. 50 were patients infected with malaria parasitemia, while 40 age - matched healthy subjects served as controls. Seven (7) milliliters of venous blood sample was collected at the antecubital vein aseptically. 2ml was dispensed into ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid containers for RBC estimation, 2ml was dispensed into sodium citrate bottles for ESR determination, while 3ml was dispensed into plain containers for bilirubin estimation. The EDTA, sodium citrate and plain containers were properly labeled with the subjects’ names, sample numbers and date of collection. The blood dispensed into the EDTA, sodium citrate containers, were stored in a refrigerator at -4oC while the serum was stored in a freezer at - 200C prior to use. ESR was analyzed using Westergren method, RBC count using hematology analyzer, and Bilirubin was analyzed using Jendrassik Grof's method. The procedure was carried out at the Federal University Teaching Hospital in Owerri. Results: The results of the tests were analyzed using SPSS version. The mean values of ESR (14.51±5.79) mm/hr, total bilirubin (1.15±0.35) mg/dl, conjugated bilirubin (0.19±0.08) mg/dl and unconjugated bilirubin (0.93±0.25) mg/dl were significantly increased in patients with malaria infection when compared to controls (7.7±5.79) mg/dl,(0.68±0.22) mg/dl, (0.15±0.06) mg/dl and (0.53±0.17) mg/dl (p=0.000, p=0.000, p=0.018 and p=0.000). The mean value of RBC (3.99±0.27) x10 12/L was significantly reduced in adult patients with malaria infection when compared to controls (4.56±0.47) x1012/L (p=0.000). There was a significant positive correlation (r=0.38, p=0.007) of total bilirubin with ESR in adult patients with malaria infection. There was a significant negative correlation of total bilirubin with RBC in adult patients with malaria infection (r=-0.65, p=0.000). Conclusion: This study showed that levels of ESR, RBC count and bilirubin in malaria-infected adults are altered. Therefore, there is need to monitor these parameters in malaria infection to avoid complications. The results of these tests can help to determine the severity of the infection and to identify patients who are at risk for complications or death. Early identification of patients at high risk is essential for ensuring timely and appropriate treatment, which can improve outcomes and reduce mortality.

Background: Malaria is a disease caused by a parasite called Plasmodium, which is transmitted by the bite of infected female anopheles mosquito. Plasmodium is a hemiparasite that affects red blood cells leading to their destruction (Hemolysis). In malaria disease, there is an increased bilirubin levels due to hemoglobin breakdown, decreased red blood cell count due to hemolysis and increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate value due to inflammation. Aim: This study was aimed at evaluating the effects of malaria parasitemia on erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), red blood cell count (RBC), and bilirubin levels in affected adults attending federal university teaching hospital, Owerri, Nigeria. Method: A total of 90 subjects were recruited for the study. 50 were patients infected with malaria parasitemia, while 40 age - matched healthy subjects served as controls. Seven (7) milliliters of venous blood sample was collected at the antecubital vein aseptically. 2ml was dispensed into ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid containers for RBC estimation, 2ml was dispensed into sodium citrate bottles for ESR determination, while 3ml was dispensed into plain containers for bilirubin estimation. The EDTA, sodium citrate and plain containers were properly labeled with the subjects’ names, sample numbers and date of collection. The blood dispensed into the EDTA, sodium citrate containers, were stored in a refrigerator at -4oC while the serum was stored in a freezer at - 200C prior to use. ESR was analyzed using Westergren method, RBC count using hematology analyzer, and Bilirubin was analyzed using Jendrassik Grof's method. The procedure was carried out at the Federal University Teaching Hospital in Owerri. Results: The results of the tests were analyzed using SPSS version. The mean values of ESR (14.51±5.79) mm/hr, total bilirubin (1.15±0.35) mg/dl, conjugated bilirubin (0.19±0.08) mg/dl and unconjugated bilirubin (0.93±0.25) mg/dl were significantly increased in patients with malaria infection when compared to controls (7.7±5.79) mg/dl,(0.68±0.22) mg/dl, (0.15±0.06) mg/dl and (0.53±0.17) mg/dl (p=0.000, p=0.000, p=0.018 and p=0.000). The mean value of RBC (3.99±0.27) x10 12/L was significantly reduced in adult patients with malaria infection when compared to controls (4.56±0.47) x1012/L (p=0.000). There was a significant positive correlation (r=0.38, p=0.007) of total bilirubin with ESR in adult patients with malaria infection. There was a significant negative correlation of total bilirubin with RBC in adult patients with malaria infection (r=-0.65, p=0.000). Conclusion: This study showed that levels of ESR, RBC count and bilirubin in malaria-infected adults are altered. Therefore, there is need to monitor these parameters in malaria disease. The results of these tests can help to determine the severity of the infection and to identify patients who are at risk for complications or death. Early identification of patients at high risk is essential for ensuring timely and appropriate treatment, which can improve outcomes and reduce mortality.

Serum and whole blood Zn, Cu and Mn profiles and their relation to redox status in lung cancer patients

Chronic renal failure is one of the more common causes of morbidity and mortality among Sudanese. This study describes altered haemoglobin concentration (Hb), haematochrit percent (Hct), red blood cells count (RBCs), platelet count (Plts) and white blood cells count (WBCs) in patients with chronic renal failure and describes the effect of disease duration on haemoglobin concentration and red blood cells count. Methods: Haematological parameters in (50) patients with Chronic renal failure and (50) age and sex matched controls were evaluated, living in Shendi locality in northern Sudan. The results of this study showed that mean of Hb concentration, RBCs count, Hct percent and platelet count were exhibited significant decreased, but mean of WBCs count was insignificantly increased. Increased duration of the disease lead to significantly decreased on mean of Hb concentration and RBCs count. Chronic renal failure is associated with different degrees of reduced haematological parameters. Also increase duration of the disease lead to significantly decrease in mean of Hb concentration and RBCs count.

Bedside visual colorimetry of peritoneal lavage fluid in abdominal trauma patients

Diagnosis of Periprosthetic Joint Infection

The influence of extremely low temperatures on the human body and physiological reactions are not fully recognized. It has been postulated that cryostimulation could modify immunological reactions, leukocytes mobilization and levels of cytokines. The aim of this research was to estimate the influence of a ten sessions 3-min-long exposures to cryogenic temperature (-130 degrees C) on the white blood cell (WBC) count, level of IL6 and the total oxidative and antioxidative status in 15 young, clinically healthy men. Blood samples were obtained in the morning before cryostimulation, again 30 min after treatment and the next day in the morning, both during the first and tenth session. The WBC count, level of IL6 and total lipid peroxides as the total oxidative status and the total antioxidative status (TAS), were measured. After completing a total of ten whole-body therapy sessions a significant increase in WBC count, especially lymphocytes and monocytes was noted. There was an increase in level of IL6 after first and the last cryostimulation the most pronounced after tenth session. On the contrary the TAS level decreased significant after the treatment. It was concluded that repeated expositions to extremely low temperatures use in cryostimulation have mobilization effect on immunological system.

Coprological and haematological investigations were carried out on faecal and blood samples collected from 154 pigs from various locations around Ibadan metropolis. Coprological examination consisted mainly of egg floatation techniques while haematological investigations consisted of packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell count (RBC) and white blood cell count (WBC). Microscopic examination of smears of the blood samples for protozoan blood parasites was also carried out. Faecal samples of 56 (36.36%) pigs were positive for helminth parasites while all the blood samples were negative for protozoan parasites. The eggs of helminth parasites found in this study were those of Ascaris spp., Metastrongylus spp., Globocephallus spp., Oesophagostomum spp., Paragonimus spp., Hyostrongylus spp. and Trichuris spp. The mean PCV, RBC and WBC values of pigs negative for helminth parasites were 31.66±8.30%, 10.57±4.68 x106 /ml and 16.97±7.82 x106 /ml respectively while the values for positive pigs were 29.71±8.93%, 9.81±4.84 x109 /ml and 17.34±7.24 x106 /ml respectively. Helminthosis caused a decline in the mean values of PCV and RBC count. The percentage decline in mean PCV values was 6.13%, 8.43% and 1.64% respectively for large white, large white crossed and local breeds of pigs. The percentage decline in mean RBC values was 6.97%, 8.74% and 3.01% respectively for large white, large white crossed and local breeds of pigs. Helminthosis caused an increase in the mean WBC values in the three breeds which was 2.69%, 1.22% and 0.91% respectively for large white, large white crossed and local breeds of pigs. The implications of the findings are discussed. In conclusion, helminthosis caused a decline in the mean values of PCV and RBC values resulting in anaemia in all breeds of pigs while the mean WBC count increased. However, experimental infections of various breeds of pigs of different ages by various types of parasites need to be carried out in order to confirm the trend observed in this study.

Avian blood samples collected from remotely located farms may not always reach the laboratory for analysis immediately upon collection. This study investigated the changes that occur in the packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (HbC), red blood cell (RBC) counts, mean corpuscular values and white blood cell (WBC) counts of avian blood samples stored at refrigerator (4°C), room (average of 29°C) and incubator (37°C) temperatures across a storage period of 72 h. Blood samples for the study were collected from 12 adult chickens. All haematological determinations were carried out on the blood samples individually immediately upon collection to obtain the baseline value (BV) and thereafter at specific time intervals across the 72-h duration of storage (DOS). Results showed that for the samples stored at 4°C, there were no significant changes (p > 0.05) from the BV in the PCV, HbC, RBC counts, mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular HbC (MCHC) all through the 72-h DOS, but the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) significantly increased (p 0.05) from the BV in the HbC, RBC counts and MCH all through the 72-h DOS, but PCV and MCV significantly increased (p < 0.01) from their BV after 18 and 12-h DOS, respectively, while MCHC and WBC counts significantly decreased (p < 0.01) from their BV after 12 and 18-h DOS, respectively. For the samples kept at 37°C, there were significant changes (p < 0.01) from the BV in the MCHC after 9-h DOS, MCV after 12-h DOS, PCV and WBC counts after 18-h DOS, HbC and RBC counts after 48-h DOS and MCH after 60-h DOS. All changes in PCV, MCV and MCH were directly correlated with DOS, while the changes in HbC, RBC counts, MCHC and WBC counts were inversely correlated with the DOS. It was concluded that for avian blood samples stored at 4°C, reliable results (results not significantly different from the BV) can be obtained for the PCV, HbC, RBC counts, MCH and MCHC for up to 72-h DOS and for MCV and WBC counts for up to 30-h DOS; while for samples stored at 29°C, reliable results for HbC, RBC counts and MCH can be obtained for up to 72-h DOS and for MCV and MCHC for up to 12-h DOS but for PCV and WBC counts for up to 18-h DOS. Samples kept at 37°C can give reliable MCHC for up to 9-h DOS, MCV for up to 12-h DOS, PCV and WBC counts for up to 18-h DOS, HbC and RBC counts for up to 48-h DOS and MCH for up to 60-h DOS.

The trace elements copper, iron, manganese, selenium and zinc are essential micronutrients involved in various cellular processes, all with different responsibilities. Based on that importance, their concentrations are tightly regulated in mammalian organisms. The maintenance of those levels is termed trace element homeostasis and mediated by a combination of processes regulating absorption, cellular and systemic transport mechanisms, storage and effector proteins as well as excretion. Due to their chemical properties, some functions of trace elements overlap, as seen in antioxidative defence, for example, comprising an expansive spectrum of antioxidative proteins and molecules. Simultaneously, the same is true for regulatory mechanisms, causing trace elements to influence each other's homeostases. To mimic physiological conditions, trace elements should therefore not be evaluated separately but considered in parallel. While many of these homeostatic mechanisms are well‐studied, for some elements new pathways are still discovered. Additionally, the connections between dietary trace element intake, trace element status and health are not fully unraveled, yet. With current demographic developments, also the influence of ageing as well as of certain pathological conditions is of increasing interest. Here, the TraceAge research unit was initiated, aiming to elucidate the homeostases of and interactions between essential trace elements in healthy and diseased elderly. While human cohort studies can offer insights into trace element profiles, also in vivo model organisms are used to identify underlying molecular mechanisms. This is achieved by a set of feeding studies including mice of various age groups receiving diets of reduced trace element content. To account for cognitive deterioration observed with ageing, neurodegenerative diseases, as well as genetic mutations triggering imbalances in cerebral trace element concentrations, one TraceAge work package focuses on trace elements in the murine brain, specifically the cerebellum. In that context, concentrations of the five essential trace elements of interest, copper, iron, manganese, selenium and zinc, were quantified via inductively coupled plasma‐tandem mass spectrometry, revealing differences in priority of trace element homeostasis between brain and liver. Upon moderate reduction of dietary trace element supply, cerebellar concentrations of copper and manganese deviated from those in adequately supplied animals. By further reduction of dietary trace element contents, also concentrations of cerebellar iron and selenium were affected, but not as strong as observed in liver tissue. In contrast, zinc concentrations remained stable. Investigation of aged mice revealed cerebellar accumulation of copper and iron, possibly contributing to oxidative stress on account of their redox properties. Oxidative stress affects a multitude of cellular components and processes, among them, next to proteins and lipids, also the DNA. Direct insults impairing its integrity are of relevance here, but also indirect effects, mediated by the machinery ensuring genomic stability and its functionality. The system includes the DNA damage response, comprising detection of endogenous and exogenous DNA lesions, decision on subsequent cell fate and enabling DNA repair, which presents another pillar of genomic stability maintenance. Also in proteins of this machinery, trace elements act as cofactors, shaping the hypothesis of impaired genomic stability maintenance under conditions of disturbed trace element homeostasis. To investigate this hypothesis, a variety of approaches was used, applying OECD guidelines Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development, adapting existing protocols for use in cerebellum tissue and establishing new methods. In order to assess the impact of age and dietary trace element depletion on selected endpoints estimating genomic instability, DNA damage and DNA repair were investigated. DNA damage analysis, in particular of DNA strand breaks and oxidatively modified DNA bases, revealed stable physiological levels which were neither affected by age nor trace element supply. To examine whether this is a result of increased repair rates, two steps characteristic for base excision repair, namely DNA incision and ligation activity, were studied. DNA glycosylases and DNA ligases were not reduced in their activity by age or trace element depletion, either. Also on the level of gene expression, major proteins involved in genomic stability maintenance were analysed, mirroring results obtained from protein studies. To conclude, the present work describes homeostatic regulation of trace elements in the brain, which, in absence of genetic mutations, is able to retain physiological levels even under conditions of reduced trace element supply to a certain extent. This is reflected by functionality of genomic stability maintenance mechanisms, illuminating the prioritization of the brain as vital organ.

Nasal polyps (NP) are benign mucosal outgrowths associated with chronic inflammation that can significantly reduce quality of life. This study aimed to evaluate changes in inflammation, oxidative stress, and trace element homeostasis in NP patients and to identify potential non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers. A total of 22 patients with NP and 19 healthy individuals were included in the study. Serum levels of trace elements, including zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and selenium (Se), were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Biochemical parameters including white blood cell count (WBC), red blood cell count (RBC), platelet count (PLT), eosinophils (EO), hemoglobin (HGB), glucose, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were assessed, along with inflammatory indices such as neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR). Data were analyzed using classical statistical methods, including the Shapiro–Wilk test, independent samples t-test, Mann–Whitney U test, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Multivariate analyses such as principal component analysis (PCA), orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), and variable importance in projection (VIP) scoring were performed. In addition, machine learning algorithms including Naive Bayes, support vector machines (SVM), random forest, k-nearest neighbors (KNN), and logistic regression were employed. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis was used to interpret the most influential features of the best-performing model. Compared to controls, NP patients exhibited significantly higher levels of WBC, Cu, glucose, and NLR along with significantly lower levels of Zn, PLR and the Zn/Cu ratio. Specifically, the mean Zn level was 2130.974 ± 3516.317 µg/mL in the NP group versus 11,331.127 ± 27,697.378 µg/mL in controls (p = 0.018). Cu (AUC = 0.866), glucose (AUC = 0.777), and WBC (AUC = 0.748) showed strong discriminative power. OPLS-DA revealed clear group separation, highlighting Cu, Zn/Cu, glucose, Se, and PLR as high-impact variables. Optimized logistic regression achieved 100% classification accuracy, with SHAP analysis confirming Zn, Zn/Cu, Cu, and glucose as the most influential features. These preliminary findings suggest that inflammation, trace element imbalance, and metabolic alterations can be detected biochemically in NP patients. Parameters such as serum Zn and Cu levels, Zn/Cu ratio, glucose, and inflammatory indices may serve as promising non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers. Further validation in larger and independent cohorts is warranted before clinical implementation.

Insights Into The Natural History Of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH): Analysis Of The Presenting Clinical, Haematological and Flow Cytometric Features Of 705 Patients Leads To Improved Classification and Prediction Of Clinical Course

Dose-response relationship between blood lead levels and hematological parameters in children from central China