Abstract
Phased array antennas have played a very important role in many different areas and applications. It requires precise excitation of each antenna element by various synthesis techniques to obtain desired array pattern features. However, due to reasons such as manufacturing imperfections, component aging, and temperature variation, the realistic antenna element excitation inevitably differs from their expected values in practice. This paper presents a tutorial-like review to deal with excitation errors for phased array antennas. Two kinds of analysis methods, probabilistic methods and interval arithmetic (IA) based methods, are presented to evaluate the effects of excitation errors for phased array antennas. State-of-the-art calibration methods along with various signal processing techniques are reviewed, their advantages and challenges are discussed in a comparative manner. Some other common errors and open research directions are also presented.
Highlights
The first phased array antenna was invented around the turn of the 20th century with mechanical rotation to steer the beam [1]
This paper aims to present a tutorial-like review of impact analysis and state-of-the-art calibration methods to overcome excitation errors for phased array antennas
It needs no detailed information unless the knowledge of the intervals about the excitation errors, which are the only terms involved in the interval arithmetic (IA) based mathematical operations
Summary
The first phased array antenna was invented around the turn of the 20th century with mechanical rotation to steer the beam [1]. This paper aims to present a tutorial-like review of impact analysis and state-of-the-art calibration methods to overcome excitation errors for phased array antennas. To compensate for the excitation errors as low as possible and maintain acceptable array performance, phased array antennas are required to be carefully calibrated before their deployments and during their work. These calibration methods vary from different systems and applications, either suitable for factory test or for in-field test [41].
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