Abstract
The impact of antibiotic use for growth promotion in livestock and poultry production on the rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria led to the ban of this practice in the European Union in 2006 and a restriction of antimicrobial use (AMU) in animal agriculture in Canada and the United States of America. There is a high risk of infectious diseases such as necrotic enteritis due to Clostridium perfringens, and colibacillosis due to avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in antimicrobial-free broiler chickens. Thus, efficient and cost-effective methods for reducing AMU, maintaining good poultry health and reducing public health risks (food safety) are urgently needed for poultry production. Several alternative agents, including plant-derived polyphenolic compounds, have been investigated for their potential to prevent and control diseases through increasing poultry immunity. Many studies in humans reported that plant flavonoids could modulate the immune system by decreasing production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, T-cell activation, and proliferation. Fruits, especially berries, are excellent sources of flavonoids while being rich in nutrients and other functionally important molecules (vitamins and minerals). Thus, fruit byproducts or wastes could be important resources for value-added applications in poultry production. In the context of the circular economy and waste reduction, this review summarizes observed effects of fruit wastes/extracts on the general health and the immunity of poultry.
Highlights
Poultry products are quickly becoming one of the most-consumed sources of protein around the world [1], making them very important to the global food supply
Immune stimulation and modulation are becoming increasingly necessary in the fight against pathogens
More studies are needed on the effects of these byproducts and their associated extracts
Summary
Poultry products are quickly becoming one of the most-consumed sources of protein around the world [1], making them very important to the global food supply. It has been reported that wild birds (Sylvia atricapilla) select their food dependent on the perceived flavonoid content, which when present in the diet were shown to increase the humoral immune response mounted by the birds [55] The presence of such a wealth of compounds, in addition to carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and minerals, make it difficult to establish exact mode of actions of fruits products on immune system [56]. A recent study evaluated different types of cranberry and blueberry products, including pomaces and their ethanolic extracts, and found promising results with regards to the intestinal health of the birds as stated above [63]. The blood metabolites in this study once again agreed with previous studies, namely that triglycerides were significantly lower in fruit-treated birds, iron was not significantly affected They found significant differences in cytokine gene expression in chickens fed cranberry products. 2000 ppm in feed from 0 broilers [245] up to 57% at day 28 and 76% at day to 42 days of age
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