Immunostimulant effect of Chaetomorpha sp in Tilapia infected with Aeromonas hydrophila

Pertahanan non-spesifik adalah pertahanan utama pada benih ikan. Salah satu bahan alami sebagai sumber imunostimulan adalah tanaman kelor. Daun kelor mengandung senyawa flavonoid, alkaloid, terpenoid dan saponin sebagai agen imunostimulan. Imunostimulan adalah senyawa biologis yang dapat meningkatkan sistem kekebalan tubuh.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh ekstrak daun kelor dalam meningkatkan imunitas non-spesifik pada benih ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus) yang terinfeksi Aeromonas hydrophila. Dalam pemberian ekstrak daun kelor diberikan injeksi intramuskular 0,1 mL/ikan dengan konsentrasi 50 mg, 75 mg dan 100 mg. Pada metode penelitian ini, digunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 4 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan yang setiap akuarium masing-masing berisi 12 ekor benih nila berukuran 8-10 cm. Pemberian pakan pada benih nila dilakukan setiap 3 kali sehari yaitu pagi, siang dan sore hari. Parameter yang diuji adalah leukosit, diferensial leukosit, eritrosit, aktivitas fagositosis dan indeks. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak daun pada benih ikan nila dapat meningkatkan kekebalan non-spesifik, yaitu total leukosit, total eritrosit, leukosit diferensial, aktivitas dan indeks fagositosis.

The use of herbal supplements is an alternative to increase food security, because it can stimulate fish appetite and increase fish immunity against disease. The aims of this research to know the total leukocytes, leukocyte differentiation and survival rate of striped catfish fed with dosage fermented herbal supplements, and to obtain the best dosage. The implementation of research was from June until August 2019 at the Parasites and Fish Diseases Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Riau University. The method used is a completely randomized design (CRD), with four treatments and three replications, namely P0 (without the addition of herbal supplements), P1 (herbal supplement dose 100 mL / kg of feed), P2 (200 mL / kg of feed), and P3 (300 mL / kg of feed). Maintenance of fish is carried out for 60 days, with a stocking density of 50 fish / m. The results showed that the herbal supplementation at a dose of 200 mL / kg of feed (P2) was the optimal dosage in stimulating total leukocytes and differentiation of catfish leukocytes. P2 treatment resulted in total leukocytes of 11.26 x 104 cells/mm3, further differentiation of leukocytes such as lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils and platelets of 81.67%, 6.33%, 5.67% and 6.33%. In addition it produces a survival rate of 100%. Key words : Fermented herbal supplement, striped catfish, total leukocytes

Local plant-based resources are widely used as ingredients in artificial feed formulations; the problem with these resources is that they contain anti-nutritional substances, namely phytate acid. An approach that can be used to overcome phytate acid is the addition of phytase to the artificial feed. The success of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fish fingerling cultivation is supported by feed management in the form of feeding frequency that is both good and effective. The purpose of this study was to examine and find the frequency of feeding on feed utilisation and growth of common carp fingerling fed with phytase addition. This research design used an experimental method, complete randomised design (CRD), 4 treatments with 3 replications, namely treatment A (frequency of feeding once a day), treatment B (frequency of feeding twice a day), treatment C (frequency of feeding three times a day) and treatment D (frequency of feeding four times a day). The test fish used were common carp fingerling with an average weight of 1.30 ± 0.12 g/head and a stocking density of 25 fish/head size (50x50x60) cm3 which were cultured for 56 days. The variables taken include Total Feed Consumption (TFC), Efficiency of Feed Utilization (EFU), Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), Relative Growth Rate (RGR), Survival Rate (SR), and water quality. The results showed that different feeding frequencies had a significant effect on (P<0.05) TKP, FCR, EPP, and RGR, but no significant effect on SR. The conclusion of this study was that the highest values for EPP and RGR variables were found in the frequency of feeding twice and four times a day. Keywords: feed, phytase, growth, efficiency

This research was conducted in December 2019 – February 2020 at the Laboratory of Fish Parasites and Diseases, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Riau. The purpose of this study was to analyze and obtain the best dose of cherry leaf (Muntingia calabura) solution to prevent Motile Aeromonas Septicemia from total leukocytes, leukocyte differentiation, and phagocytic activity of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). The method used is an experiment with a completely randomized design (CRD) one factor five levels of treatment. The doses used were negative control (without immersion cherry leaf solution and not infection with Aeromonas hydrophila), positive control (without immersion cherry leaf solution and infection with A.hydrophila), P1 (Immersion in cherry leaf solution at a dose of 2800 ppm), P2 (3,200 ppm), and P3 (3,600 ppm). Immersion was carried out 5 times for 5 minutes with an interval of 7 days. The results showed that immersion with cherry leaf solution at a dose of 3,600 ppm (P3) was the best dose (P<0.05) with a total leukocyte value of 10.66 x 104 cells/mm3, lymphocytes 84.67%, monocytes 5.67%, neutrophils 9.67%, phagocytic activity 36.67%, and survival rate 86.67%

The aim of this research was to examine Phaleria macrocarpa fruit powder mixed on feed in order to cure infected sangkuriang catfish by A. hydrophila . The advantage of this research was as an alternatives method using Phaleria macrocarpa fruit powder to cure sangkuriang catfish infected by A. hydrophila . This research was conducted on Laboratorium Budidaya Perairan , Aquaculture Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Sriwijaya University. Determination of hematocrit and total leucocytes were conducted in UPT Klinik Sriwijaya University, Indralaya from October until November 2014. This research was designed based on Complete Randomized Design with six treatments and three replications. The fish was infected by A. hydrophila with density of 2.2.10 6 cfu.mL -1 using injection method. The catfish has been reared for 31 days and fed with pellet enriched with 0 %, 1.2 %, 2.4 %, 3.6 % and 4.8 % Phaleria macrocarpa fruit powder. Feeding frequency was three times a day. The parameters observed on this research were injury diameter, the percentage of cured fish, hematocrit concentration, total leucocytes, survival rate, growth, feed efficiency and water physical and chemical properties. The result showed that the addition of P. macrocarpa fruit powder on feed was effectively cured the infection caused A. hydrophila revealed by decreasing of injury diameter. The best treatment was the addition of 2.4 % P. macrocarpa. This treatment could increase hematocrit concentration and total leucocytes, gave the highest results on survival rate (95 %), absolute weight growth (22.4 g), absolute length growth (5.38 cm) and feed efficiency (77.9 %).   Keywords : Aeromonas hydrophila , catfish, infection, treatment, P. macrocarpa

Sangkuriang catfish (Clarias gariepinus) is a cultivated species favored by Indonesian and has great potential for development. However, the obstacle to the success of catfish cultivation is a disease. One alternative to overcome this problem is by giving immunostimulants from natural ingredients. The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of feeding with moringa leaf powder on non-specific immunity and growth performance of sangkuriang catfish. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments (100% commercial feed, commercial feed with 1.5% Moringa leaf supplementation, commercial feed with 3% Moringa leaf supplementation, and commercial feed with Moringa leaf supplementation 4.5%, and 3 replications. The results showed that the commercial feed with 4.5% moringa leaf supplementation gave the best results for total erythrocytes of 5.97x104 cells/mm3 and MCV of 92.10 fl, and increased the absolute weight growth of 46.42 g. However, it did not show a significant effect on total erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCHC, MCH, MCV, total leukocytes, leukocyte differentials, phagocytic activity, phagocytosis index, absolute weight growth survival rate, and the value of the feed convention ratio (FCR).

The research was conducted from January to October 2021 at the Laboratory of Fish Parasites and Diseases, Departement of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, University of Riau. The purpose of this research was to analyze and obtain the best dose of bay leaf solution to treat catfish (Clarias gariepinus) infected with Aeromonas hydrophilla. Bay leaf is a plant that has antibacterial properties in fish because it contains secondary metabolites, namely tannins, saponins, steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, and essential oils. The method used is an experimental method with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), one factor with five treatments. The treatment applied is Kn (without immersed with bay leaf solution and not infected by A. hydrophila), Kp (without immersed with bay leaf solution and infected by A. hydrophila), P1 (1000 ppm), P2 (1100 ppm), P3 (1200 ppm). The curing is done by immersed with bay leaf solution for 5 minutes, carried out three times with an interval of 24 hours and then maintained for 14 days after treatment. The result shown that bay leaf solution able to cure catfish infected by A. hydrophila. The best dose was 1200 ppm with average total leukocytes of 12.61 × 104 cells /mm3, leukocyte differentiation (lymphocytes 84.66%, Neutrophils 6.66%, Monocytes 8.66%), phagocytitosis activity is 35.33%, and the survival rate 96.67%.

This research aims to determine the potential of fine bubbles (FBs) technology in controlling the activity of Aeromonas hydrophila in striped catfish rearing. The method used in this study is an experimental method with Completely Randomized Design (CRD), consisting of three treatments and four replications. The treatments are using conventional aeration, FBs applied by recirculating system and FBs applied for 1 hour/day. The fish infected by A. hydrophila as much as 2 mL of NaCl/L solution with a density of 108 cfu by cohabitation. The parameters that were observed are clinical signs, mortality time and water quality. Preliminary results showed that FBs have potential as antibacterial with inhibitory zone diameter 4.17±0.17 mm. The time of death of striped catfish seedlings that were treated with FBs continuously in the recirculation system showed a relatively slower death time and lower mortality than the maintenance without FBs. The application of FBs in recirculation system has a better influence on controlling A. hydrophila, but not for controlling A. hydrophila curatively. The recovery process began to occur on the 3rd day, the fish was healed on the 8th day and was able to restore striped catfish response both to the shock response (on the 9th day) and feed response (on the 11th day).

This study aims to determine the level of carbohydrates and feeding frequency on feed convertion ratio and survival of shrimp vanamei juvenile. Research using completely randomized design by factorial patern with two factors and three replications. Treatments were factor A (carbohydrate levels, namely 18, 32, 40 and 50%), and factor B (frequency of feeding 2, 4 and 6 times per day). Shrimp vanamei which was used have an average weight of 0.3 g per individual. Feed dose was 10% of the body weight of shrimp with the feeding frequency adapted to the treatment. The results showed that the factor levels of carbohydrate feeding, feeding frequency and the combination of both give a signifi cant effect on feed convertion ratio of shrimp vanamei juvenile with the best combination of 50% carbohydrate level and feeding frequency 6 times per day. Treatment levels of carbohydrates, feeding frequency and combination of both give no signifi cant effect on survival of shrimp vanamei juvenile.

Apel Mango leaf is a natural ingredient that can be used as an alternative medicine because it has phytochemical content in the form of tannins, flavonoids, saponins and alkaloids. This study aims to analyze the effect of giving a solution of apel mango leaf ( Mangifera Indica) in the treatment of Pangasionodon hypophthalmus , and get the best dose for the treatment of diseases caused by E. tarda bacteria, seen from total leukocytes , leukocyte differentiation, phagocytic activity and survival of Pangasionodon hypophthalmus . This study uses a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 3 replications. The dosage of apel mango leaf solution used was K n (not infected and not treated) K p (infected and not treated), P 1 (1.2%), P 2 (1.4%) and P 3 (1.6%) . Immersion is carried out in 5 liters of water with a mixture of mango leaf solution in accordance with different doses for 5 minutes 3 times soaking interval of 2 days , then maintained for 14 days after treatment . The results showed that soaking with apel mango leaf solution significantly affected the image of leukocytes of P. hypophthalmus (P <0.05) . Best dose contained in treatment P 2 (1.4%) with an average total leukocytes ( 8,33 × 10 4 cells / mm 3 ) , differentiation of leukocytes (lymphocytes 84.33%, monocytes 9,00 and 6,67 neutrophils %), phagocytic activity ( 36.00% ) and survival rate of Pangasionodon hypophthalmus ( 86.67% ) .

Background and Aim:The Indonesian red claw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) represents a significant aquaculture commodity with substantial economic importance; however, disease outbreaks, particularly tail ulceration caused by Aeromonas hydrophila, pose challenges to sustainable production. This study evaluated the efficacy of fermented palm kernel meal (FPKM), rich in mannan oligosaccharides, as a prebiotic additive to enhance non-specific immune responses in C. quadricarinatus.Materials and Methods:A total of 120 crayfish (mean weight 10.3 ± 0.15 g and length 7.53 ± 0.26 cm) were allocated in a completely randomized design comprising four dietary treatments: a control group without FPKM and probiotics and three experimental groups receiving diets supplemented with FPKM at concentrations of 40, 80, and 120 g/kg along with probiotics. Hemolymph samples were collected at baseline (day 0) and on days 3, 5, 7, and 14 post-treatment. Non-specific immune responses evaluated included total hemocyte count (THC), differential hemocyte count (DHC), phagocytosis activity (PA), phagocytosis index (PI), phenol oxidase (PO) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, total plasma protein (TPP), and immune gene expression (lipopolysaccharide and β-1,3-glucan-binding protein [LGBP], lectin).Results:The inclusion of FPKM significantly increased THC, with peak enhancement observed on day 7 at the highest FPKM concentration (120 g/kg). DHC remained stable across treatments. Phagocytic parameters, including PA and PI, showed significant improvements (74.5 ± 12.5% and 2.8 ± 0.41, respectively) by day 7 in the 120 g/kg treatment. PO and SOD activities significantly increased on days 5 and 14, respectively, with optimal responses at the highest dietary FPKM inclusion. TPP levels did not exhibit significant variation among treatments. Molecular analyses revealed marked upregulation of immune-related genes, notably lectin and LGBP, with peak expression detected in the 40 g/kg FPKM group.Conclusion:Supplementing diets with FPKM substantially improved non-specific immune responses in C. quadricarinatus. Optimal immune enhancement was generally achieved with 120 g/kg FPKM inclusion, although significant molecular immune responses were evident at lower concentrations. The findings underscore the potential of FPKM as a natural prebiotic to sustainably enhance crayfish immunity, thereby reducing dependency on antibiotics and contributing to eco-friendly aquaculture practices.

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of different photoperiod on gonad maturity and reproductive performance of freshwater crayfish. The study was conducted on July 22th - August 22th in the Green House Samudra University. Test fish used is seed of cherax quadricarinatus measuring 4-5 inches. The methods used in this study was Completely Randomized Design (CRD)with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments in this study were P1 (8 hours light, 16 hours dark), P2 (10 hours light, 14 hours dark), P3 (12 jam hours light, 12 hours dark), and P4 (14 hours light, 10 hours dark). Seeds of fish was put in a containing 8 liters of water volume with a stocking density of of 1 tails male and female each container. The frequency of feeding is done 3 times a day at 08.00 am, 16.00 pm and 20.00 pm. The results showed that different natural feeding teratments had a very significant effect on the absolute weight, gonad maturity level (TKG), gonad maturity indexs (IKG), fecundity, and egg diameter. The best treatment in this study was P1 treatment (8 hours light, 16 hours dark) because it had a high-performance value compared to other treatments.Keywords: Absolute weight; Cherax quadricarinatus; Fecundity; Gonad; Photoperiod.

This study was aimed to examine the different natural feeds on the maturnity of freshwater crayfish. The study was conducted on November 20th - January 21th 2021 in the UPTD BBI Lukup Badak, Takengon, Aceh Tengah. Test fish used is seed of cherax quadricarinatus measuring 52-75 g. Methods used in this study was Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments in this study were P1 (Tubifex), P2 (505 tubifex, 255 carrots, and 25% sweet potatoes), P3 (50% tubifex, 25% bean sprouts, and 25% sweet potatoes), and P4 (50% tubifex, 25% papaya, and 25% sweet potatoes). Seeds of fish was put in a container maintenance with 42 liters of water volume and density of 1 tails per container. Frequency of feeding was 3 times a day at 08.00 am, 16.00 pm and 20.00 pm. The results showed that different natural feeding teratments had a very significant effect on the absolute weight and gonad maturity indexs (IKG).Keywords: Absolute weight; Cherax quadricarinatus; Gonad; Natural feed.

The cultivation of white snapper is influenced by the quality and quantity of feed provided. The feed comprises protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. Fat plays an important role as an energy source that serves as a source of essential fatty acids. The source of fat in the feed is fish oil. However, fish oil prices are fluctuating and are not sustainable. Therefore, an alternative source is needed to reduce the use of fish oil. One alternative to fish oil is black soldier fly larvae oil. This study aims to determine the use of black soldier fly larvae oil in artificial feed on the absolute length, weight, feed conversion ratio, and relative growth rate of white snapper (L. calcarifer). The test fish in the study were white snapper measuring 8-9 cm. The stocking density for each research container was 10 fish with a stocking density of 1 fish/2 litres of water. The frequency of feeding is 3 times a day at satiation. The research method is experimental, with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The experimental method is a completely randomized design (CRD). The treatment of fish oil replacement using black soldier fly larvae oil includes A (0% black soldier fly larvae oil), B (15% black soldier fly larvae oil), C (30% black soldier fly larvae oil), and D (45% black soldier fly larvae oil). The results showed that the replacement of fish oil using black soldier fly larvae oil had a significant effect (the value of significance or probability &lt;0.05) on the growth of absolute length (LM), absolute weight (W), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and relative growth rate (RGR). Treatment C (30% black soldier fly larvae oil) is the treatment that gives the best value on the absolute length (Lm) at 2.37±0.30 cm, absolute weight (W) at 7.92±1.38 grams, feed conversion ratio (FCR) at 1.13±0.17 and relative growth rate (RGR) at 2.36±0.38% day-1.

The research was conducted at fish nutrition laboratory and the reservoir of the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, University of Riau which was carried out from July to September 2021. This study aims to find out the effect of the use of sente leaf flour (Alocasia macrorrhiza) fermented with kombucha in feed on the growth of Asian Redtail Catfish (Hemibagrus nemurus). This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 levels of treatment and 3 repetitions so that 15 experimental units were needed. Asian Redtail Catfish are used weigh 1.24 ± 0.02 g. The test fish used is inserted into the cage with a stocking solid of 25 heads / m3. The treatment used in this study is in the form of the use of fermented cente leaf flour in feed by 0, 5, 10, 15, 20%. Test feed is given as much as 10% of the biomass weight with the frequency of feeding 3 times a day, feeding is carried out for 56 days. To measure the digestibility of fish feed is given feed containing Cr2O3 as much as 0.5% of the amount of feed. Test fish measuring 1.24 ± 0.02 g are put into the aquarium with a stocking solid of 10 heads / cm3. After feeding, fish feces are collected and dried to measure their Cr2O3 and protein levels. The results showed sente leaf flour fermented using kombucha was able to replace soy flour by 20% in fish feed and gave the best results, namely feed digestibility 66.22%, protein digestibility 81.08%, feed efficiency 43.84%, protein retention 24.81%, specific growth rate 3.36% and 96.67% survival.