Immunophenotypic quantification of M1 and M2 macrophage polarization in radicular cysts ofprimary and permanent teeth.

The radicular lesion leads to the apical and periapical tissues destruction throughout an inflammatory and immune response. The immune system is activated and cells are recruited to the lesion site, which includes macrophages that can be polarized into M1 and M2 macrophages. The objective of this study was to quantify M1 and M2 macrophages in radicular cysts in permanent and deciduous teeth. In total, 15 radicular cysts cases in deciduous teeth and 10 in permanent teeth were selected. A histopathologic analysis in HE was performed, allowing the type and inflammatory infiltrates level classification in scores. In addition, the CD68 (M1+, M2+) and CD163 (M1-, M2+) markers were quantified through an immunohistochemistry analysis. The data acquired were submitted to a Mann Whitney test, with a 5% significance level. A higher prevalence of M2 macrophages (p<0.05) was observed, despite both M1 and M2 macrophages have been detected in the permanent and deciduous teeth lesions. The comparison between permanent and deciduous teeth presented a higher M1 macrophages quantity in permanent teeth lesions (p=0.002). In summary, the M1 and M2 macrophages are present in deciduous and permanent teeth radicular cysts, with a higher quantity of M2 cells. Moreover, the radicular cysts in permanent teeth have shown a higher M1 macrophages quantity when compared to cysts in deciduous teeth.

Penetration of radiocalcium at the margins of resin and glass ionomer dentine bonding agents in primary and permanent teeth

This study was conducted to analyze the ablation rate and micromorphological aspects of microcavities in enamel and dentin of primary and permanent teeth using a Er: YAG laser system. Micromorphological evaluation has been performed in terms of permanent teeth; however, little information about Er: YAG laser interaction with primary teeth can be found in the literature. Because children have been the most beneficiary patients with laser therapy in our offices, it is extremely necessary to compare the effects of this kind of laser system on the enamel and dentin of permanent and primary teeth. In this study, we used eleven intact primary anterior exfoliated teeth and six extracted permanent molar teeth. We used a commercial laser system: a Er: YAG Twin Light laser system (Fotona Medical Lasers, Slovenia) at 2940 nm, changing average energy levels per pulse (100, 200, 300, and 400 mJ) producing 48 microcavities in enamel and dentin of primary and permanent teeth. Primary teeth are more easily ablated than are permanent teeth, when related to enamel or dentin. However, while this laser system is capable of slowly revealing the enamel’s microstructure, in dentin only the lowest laser energies permit this kind of observation, more easily decomposing the original tissue aspect, when related to primary or permanent teeth. Statistically, the only different factor at the 5% level was an energy per pulse of 400 mJ, confirming the results found in SEM. Our results showed that dentin in both primary and permanent teeth is less resistant to Er: YAG laser ablation; this fact is easily observed under SEM observation and through the ablation rate evaluation.

The present study aimed to meta-analyze and evaluate the certainty of evidence for resin infiltration of proximal carious lesions in primary and permanent teeth. While resin infiltration has been shown efficacious for caries management, the certainty of evidence remains unclear. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42018080895), and PRISMA guidelines have been followed. The databases PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane CENTRAL were systematically screened, complemented by hand searches and cross-referencing. Eleven relevant articles were identified and included, i.e., randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the progression of resin infiltrated proximal caries lesions (combined with non-invasive measures) in primary or permanent teeth with non-invasive measures. Random-effects meta-analyses and trial sequential analyses (TSA) were performed for per-protocol (PP), intention-to-treat (ITT), and best/worst case (BC/WC) scenarios. Six included trials assessed lesions in permanent teeth and five trails assessed lesions in primary teeth. The trials had a high or unclear risk of bias. Risk of caries progression was significantly reduced for infiltrated lesions in the PP, ITT, and BC scenarios in both permanent teeth and primary teeth, but not in the WC scenario. According to the TSA, firm evidence was reached for all of the scenarios except the WC. In conclusion, there is firm evidence for resin infiltration arresting proximal caries lesions in permanent and primary teeth.

Compared with CR, there were lower numbers of failures with HT and SE in the primary dentition, and with SE and SW in the permanent dentition. Most studies showed high risk of bias and limited precision of estimates due to small sample size and typically limited numbers of failures, resulting in assessments of low or very low certainty of evidence for most comparisons.

Comparison of shear bond strengths of orthodontic brackets bonded to deciduous and permanent teeth

Prediction of occlusion by measurements of the deciduous dentition

Objectives:The consumption of carbonated beverages is one of the etiological factors that cause dental erosion. The purpose of this research was to compare changes in the microhardness of permanent and primary teeth after immersion in two types of carbonated beverages.Materials and Methods:This investigation was done on 30 healthy permanent molars and 30 healthy primary canines. Each group of primary and permanent teeth was subdivided into three groups of 10 teeth. The teeth was immersed in 40 ml of each of the three beverages for 5 min. One subgroup was immersed in water (as a control). The next was immersed in Lemon Delster and the last subgroup was immersed in Coca-Cola. The microhardness of enamel was measured using the Vickers method before and after immersion. Finally, the data was analyzed by paired t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and t-test.Results:Microhardness reduction in the primary teeth was significant in both the Lemon Delster and Coca-Cola groups (P < 0.05). This reduction was also statistically significant in the permanent teeth (P < 0.05). A comparison of the enamel changes in the primary teeth with permanent teeth after immersion in both beverages showed a greater microhardness reduction in the primary teeth in both the experimental groups.Conclusions:Coca-Cola and Lemon Delster caused a significant reduction of microhardness in tooth enamel. This reduction was greater in primary teeth than in permanent teeth, and was also greater after immersion in Coca-Cola than after immersion in Lemon Delster.

Caries is a disease that affects both deciduous and permanent dentitions. Caries progresses more rapidly in deciduous enamel than in permanent enamel. Therefore, new caries diagnostic methods need to be tested on the deciduous teeth as well. Quantitative laser–induced fluorescence (QLF I) as well as the quantitative light–induced fluorescence (QLF II) seem promising for the quantification of mineral loss from dental caries but have only been tested on the permanent dentition. The objective of this study was to determine and compare the ability of QLF I and QLF II to quantify mineral loss from carious lesions in both deciduous and permanent teeth. Thirty sound deciduous and 30 sound permanent teeth were cleaned and divided into three groups each containing 10 deciduous and 10 permanent teeth. Windows on the buccal or labial enamel surfaces were demineralized for 48, 72, or 96 h. Images of demineralized enamel were captured using QLF I and QLF II. The images were analyzed to determine the mean change in fluorescence radiance (ΔF, %). The teeth were then sectioned for assessment of lesion depth (µm) and integrated mineral loss (IML, vol% ×µm) using transverse microradiography (TMR), as the ‘gold standard’ for lesion analysis. The results indicated a good correlation for ΔF between QLF I and QLF II in both deciduous (r = 0.96) and permanent teeth (r = 0.98). There was a good correlation between ΔF and TMR (lesion depth and IML) in deciduous teeth (r = 0.76 and 0.84 with QLF I, r = 0.81 and 0.88 with QLF II). In permanent teeth, the correlation between ΔF and TMR (lesion depth and IML) was lower than in deciduous teeth (r = 0.07 and 0.53 with QLF I, r = 0.15 and 0.62 with QLF II). From these results it can be concluded that either QLF method is capable of quantifying mineral loss in early carious lesions in deciduous teeth. Moreover, under the conditions of this study, the use of either QLF method to quantify mineral loss in early carious lesions in deciduous teeth is slightly more accurate than in permanent teeth.

The functional incisor teeth (permanent and deciduous teeth) from 13 species of Bovidae (16 specimens in all) were prepared for electronprobe microanalysis of Ca, P, and trace elements. The concentrations of calcium in the enamel layer of the permanent and deciduous teeth were constant at each level, in contrast to those in dentin layers, where the concentrations in permanent incisor teeth gradually decreased from the surface inward. Concentrations of magnesium (about 1-2 atoms %) in deciduous teeth gradually increased from the surface inward, in contrast to those in permanent teeth. Trace amounts of iron were found throughout the enamel layers, but the concentrations varied among species. The profiles of fluoride concentrations differed between deciduous and permanent teeth.Our chemical analysis of Ca, P, and trace elements (Mg, F, and Fe) indicates that some of the most important differences between the permanent and deciduous teeth of Bovidae might be those in the distributions of trace elements. These differences might be related to the mechanism of mineralizationin deciduous and permanent teeth.

BACKGROUND: Valuable structural and chemical properties can be obtained for dentin and enamel by vibrational spectroscopy. A better understanding of structural and chemical changes in deciduous dentition will contribute to improved dental restoration procedures for adolescents. OBJECTIVE: ATR-FTIR and Raman spectroscopy were applied to study human permanent and primary teeth. Slices were prepared from 10 German, 10 Turkish and 25 Jordanian teeth. METHODS: Raman images were collected at 785 nm excitation. FTIR images were collected using a germanium ATR accessory and focal plane array detector. Average Raman and infrared spectra were calculated for analysis. RESULTS: Our results showed that (i) the mineral to matrix ratio is lower in primary teeth than in permanent teeth, (ii) the carbonate to phosphate ratio was higher for primary teeth, (iii) crystallinity was lower in primary teeth, and (iv) collagen crosslinks occurred to be higher in primary teeth. FTIR and Raman data confirmed the results of each other. Deconvolution of the infrared band near 870 cm−1 reveals evidence for A2-type carbonate substitution on hydroxyapatite of primary teeth spectra in addition to the A and B type carbonate substitution that are also found in permanent teeth. CONCLUSIONS: Beside chemical and structural differences found between primary and permanent teeth, variations between the origin and age of the specimens were observed which requires further systematic investigations.

An improved reagent for chemomechanical caries removal in permanent and deciduous teeth: an in vitro study

To evaluate M1 and M2 macrophage polarization in radicular cysts and periapical granulomas through an immunohistochemical analysis and the correlation between macrophage polarization and histopathological diagnosis, clinical characteristics and lesion volume using cone-beam computed tomography. Periapical biopsies diagnosed as radicular cysts (n = 52) and periapical granulomas (n = 51) were analysed by immunohistochemical method. Teeth with periapical lesion with no history of root canal treatment (primary lesion) and lesions persistent to root canal treatment (persistent lesions) were included. Pathological diagnosis, patients' age, gender and clinical characteristics were obtained from treatment records. A cone-beam computed tomographic periapical volume index (CBCTPAVI) score was assigned to each periapical lesion based on the volume of the lesion. Immuno-expressions of CD68 and CD163 were quantified. The CD68/CD163 ratio was adopted to represent M1 or M2 macrophage polarization. Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine the different CD68/CD163 ratio between groups of radicular cyst and periapical granuloma. Spearman's correlation test was performed to assess the correlation between the CD68/CD163 ratio and lesion volume and CBCTPAVI score. Radicular cysts and periapical granulomas had CD68/CD163 median of 2.05 (IQR = 1.33) and 1.26 (IQR = 0.81), respectively. A significantly higher CD68/CD163 ratio was observed in radicular cysts (p < .001). In contrast, periapical granulomas had significantly lower median of CD68/CD163 ratio. Larger lesions had a higher median of CD68/CD163 ratio, while smaller lesions had lower median of CD68/CD163 ratio (p = .007, rs = .262). CD68/CD163 ratio was significantly correlated with the CBCTPAVI score in the overall periapical lesions (p = .002, rs = .306). The higher CD68/CD163 ratio in larger lesions indicated a higher degree of M1 polarization compared to smaller lesions. Regarding the pathological diagnosis, there was a significant positive correlation between CBCTPAVI score and CD68/CD163 ratio in periapical granulomas (p < .001, rs = .453), whereas the negative correlation was observed for radicular cysts (p < .001, rs = -.471). Periapical granulomas are characterized by a M2-dominant macrophage polarization, while radicular cysts have significantly higher M1 macrophages. The higher degree of M1 macrophage polarization was significantly correlated with larger volume and higher CBCTPAVI scores of overall periapical lesion and periapical granuloma.

This study compared dentinal tubule density and diameter of human primary and permanent teeth at different depths of the coronal dentin. Crowns of eight primary second molars and eight permanent third molars were serially sectioned into three disks of ~0.5 mm thickness (superficial, middle, and deep layers), perpendicular to the long axis. Tubule density and diameter were evaluated in 2,000× and 3,000× magnifications by scanning electron microscopy. Data obtained were subjected to two-way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test (α = 0.05). Tubule density was greater in primary teeth compared with permanent ones, regardless of depth (primary: 124,329 ± 43,594 mm2; permanent: 45,972 ± 21,098 mm2). In general, the tubule density increased as the dentin depth increased, except to the superficial and middle layers from permanent teeth. Tubule diameter was larger in the dentin layer close to the pulp chamber (superficial: 2.4 ± 0.07 μm; middle: 3.70 ± 0.06 μm; deep: 4.28 ± 0.04 μm). No difference was observed between primary (3.48 ± 0.81 μm) and permanent teeth (3.47 ± 0.73 μm). The tubule diameter increases as the dentin depth increases for primary and permanent teeth; however, the tubule density is higher in primary teeth.

To evaluate the performance of a pen‑type laser fluorescence device (DIAGNOdent 2190; LFpen, KaVo, Germany) and bitewing radiographs (BW) for approximal caries detection in permanent and primary teeth. A total of 246 anterior approximal surfaces (102 permanent and 144 primary) were selected. Contact points were simulated using sound teeth. Two examiners assessed all approximal surfaces using LFpen and BW. The teeth were histologically assessed for the reference standard. Optimal cut‑off limits were calculated for LFpen for primary and permanent teeth. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (Az) were calculated for D1 (enamel and dentin lesions) and D3 (dentin lesions) thresholds. The reproducibility was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cohen's weighted kappa values. For permanent teeth, the LFpen cut‑off were 0-27 (sound), 28-33 (enamel caries) and >33 (dentin caries). For primary teeth, the LFpen cut‑off were 0-7 (sound), 8- 32 (enamelcaries) and >32 (dentin caries). The LFpen presented higher sensitivity values than BW for primary teeth (0.58 vs. 0.32 at D1 and 0.80 vs. 0.47 at D3) and permanent teeth (0.80 vs. 0.57 at D1 and 0.94 vs. 0.51 at D3). Specificity did not show a significant difference between the methods. Rank correlations with histology were 0.59 and 0.83 (LFpen) and 0.36 and 0.70 (BW) for primary and permanent teeth, respectively, considering all lesions. ICC values for LFpen were 0.71 (inter) and 0.86 (intra) for permanent teeth and 0.94 (inter) and 0.90/0.99 for primary teeth. Kappa values for BW were 0.69 (inter) and 0.68/0.90 (intra) for permanent teeth and 0.64 (inter) and 0.89/0.89 for primary teeth. LFpen presented better reproducibility for primary and permanent teeth and higher accuracy in detecting caries lesions at D1 threshold than BW for permanent teeth. LFpen should be used as an adjunct method for approximal caries detection.