Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria present in Kimchi, such as Leuconostoc mesenteroides (Lm), Latilactobacillus curvatus (Lc), and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (Lp) produce extracellular vesicles (ECVs) that modulate immune responses. The ECVs of probiotic Kimchi bacteria are abbreviated as LmV, LcV, and LpV. Treatment of macrophages (RAW264.7) with ECVs (LmV, LcV, and LpV) increased the production of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Immunostimulatory effects exerted on the RAW264.7 cells were stronger after treatments with LmV and LcV than with LpV. Treatment of mice with LcV (1 mg/kg, orally) induced splenocyte proliferation and subsequent production of both NO and cytokines (INF-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, and IL-10). Furthermore, pre-treatment of macrophages and microglial cells with ECVs prior to LPS stimulation significantly attenuated the production of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6). Therefore, ECVs (LmV, LcV, and LpV) prevent inflammatory responses in the LPS-stimulated microglial cells by blocking the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) and p38 signaling pathways. These results showed that LmV, LcV, and LpV from Kimchi probiotic bacteria safely exert immunomodulatory effects.
Highlights
Extracellular vesicles (ECVs) are membrane-bound vesicles that are ~100 nm in diameter and contain proteins, RNAs, and lipids
LmV, LpV
Foods 2022, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEWin the H-LcV group increased significantly compared to the control group. These results indicated that H-LcV modulated the Th1 and Th2 responses via upregulation of INF-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-4, and IL-10 in T cells and splenocytes
Summary
Extracellular vesicles (ECVs) are membrane-bound vesicles that are ~100 nm in diameter and contain proteins, RNAs, and lipids. As the ECV can contain a diverse repertoire of molecular cargo, they can modulate immunity in both in vitro and in vivo assays. ECVs can play essential roles in cell-to-cell communication and modulate immune responses under normal and pathological conditions [1]. Exosomes affect both innate and adaptive immunity by altering immunological responses including T-cell activation, immune suppression, and anti-inflammation [2]. There are no reports of the immunomodulatory activity of ECVs secreted from Kimchi lactic acid bacteria (LAB) such as Leuconostoc (Le.) mesenteroides, Latilactobacillus (Ll.) curvatus, and Lactiplantibacillus (Lp.) plantarum. The secretion and immune-modulating activities of ECVs from LAB, including Lp. plantarum, were reported elsewhere [3,4]. There are no previous reports of ECVs derived from Le. mesenteroides and/or Ll. curvatus, it is believed that all living bacteria produce ECVs [5,6] and that ECVs from many organisms modulate immunity
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