Abstract
Background: Transanal local excision was recently indicated as potential alternative to radical surgery for early rectal cancer but, to minimize the recurrence rate after local excision, the accuracy of nodal staging should be increased. In early rectal cancers absence of CD8+ T-cell infiltration can predict nodal involvement. Field cancerization occurs in various epithelial carcinomas, including rectal cancer, meaning that some molecular events in carcinogenesis might occur even in normal tissues surrounding tumors.
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