Abstract
High-risk nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (HR NMIBC) is an immunological malignancy. The standard therapy for HR NMIBC is based on transurethral bladder tumor resection with adjuvant Bacillus CalmetteGuérin (BCG) instillation therapy. To prevent progression in case of BCG-refractory disease, early radical cystectomy is considered the therapy of choice according to the GermanS3 guidelines. With the advent of checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of metastatic urological malignancies, anovel option for bladder preservation has been introduced for the treatment of HR NMIBC. The currently available data do not allow ameaningful conclusion on the long-term efficacy of PD-(L)1 (programmed cell death [ligand]1) inhibitors due to the relatively short duration of oncological follow-up. Yet, it can be expected that checkpoint inhibitors will change the treatment algorithm of HR NMIBC in the next few years. Promising studies have been initiated to test the combination of local and systemic immunomodulation in terms of response and toxicity.
Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
