Immune and hematologic alterations associated with CD4+ T-cell depletion in people living with HIV in Morocco.

Risk of Lymphoproliferative Disorders After Bone Marrow Transplantation: A Multi-Institutional Study

The clinicopathological spectrum of nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL), also known as nodular lymphocyte predominant B-cell lymphoma, partially overlaps with T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma (THRLCBL). NLPHL histology may vary in architecture and B-cell/T-cell composition of the tumour microenvironment. However, the immune cell phenotypes accompanying different histological patterns remain poorly characterised. We applied a multiplexed immunofluorescence workflow to identify differential expansion/depletion of multiple microenvironmental immune cell phenotypes between cases of NLPHL showing different histological patterns (as described by Fan et al, 2003) and cases of THRLBCL. FOXP3-expressing T-regulatory cells were conspicuously depleted across all NLPHL cases. As histology progressed to variant Fan patterns C and E of NLPHL and to THRLBCL, there were progressive expansions of cytotoxic granzyme-B-expressing natural killer and CD8-positive T-cells, PD1-expressing CD8-positive T-cells, and CD163-positive macrophages including a PDL1-expressing subset. These occurred in parallel to depletion of NKG2A-expressing natural killer and CD8-positive T-cells. These findings provide new insights on the immunoregulatory mechanisms involved in NLPHL and THLRBCL pathogenesis, and are supportive of an increasingly proposed biological continuum between these two lymphomas. Additionally, the findings may help establish new biomarkers of high-risk disease, which could support a novel therapeutic program of immune checkpoint interruption targeting the PD1:PDL1 and/or NKG2A:HLA-E axes in the management of high-risk NLPHL and THRLBCL.

Memory T-Cell Predominance Following T-Cell Depletional Therapy Derives from Homeostatic Expansion of Naive T Cells

During the acute phase of Trypanosoma cruzi infection, strong haematological and immune system alterations are observed. The parasite expresses trans-sialidase, a virulence factor responsible for the sialylation of its surface glycoconjugates. This enzyme is also shed to the bloodstream where it is associated with immune system alterations triggered during the infection. During experimental and human infections, the host elicits antibodies able to neutralize the enzyme activity that would be responsible for restricting systemic trans-sialidase to the early steps of the infection, when major immune alterations are induced. The actual relevance of these antibodies was tested by passive transference of monoclonal neutralizing antibodies in acute infection models displaying extreme sensitivity to the infection. Mice were inoculated with virulent parasite strains that induce high parasitaemia, early mortality and strong immune tissue abnormalities. The trans-sialidase-neutralizing antibodies were able to preserve B cell areas both in ganglia and spleen as well as the thymus architecture even in these extreme models. Although no differences between control and treated mice regarding animal survival were found, a major role for the humoral response in controlling the damage of the immune system induced by a systemically distributed virulence factor was defined in an infection with a eukaryotic pathogen.

Background: Volatile anaesthetics are the major pollutants in operating and recovery rooms of hospitals; where the health care personnel are exposed. Serious health effects may result from chronic exposure to low levels of anaesthetic gases inhalation. Aim of The study: The study was carried out to investigate the possible hepatic, renal, haematological and immune parameters alterations in a group of workers chronically exposed to volatile anaesthetic gases compared to a non-exposed control group. Subjects and Methods: Twenty-two operating room female nurses were recruited. The control group consisted of twenty-two non-exposed similar for gender and age. Each subject examined for Hepatic function: [levels of liver transaminases (Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and total Bilirubin]; Kidney function: [Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine]; Haematological profile [complete blood count (CBC)] and Immune phenotyping of peripheral blood lymphocytes measured by flow cytometry. Results: The exposed group showed an increased prevalence of headache, asthenia, gastritis, mouth herpes, allergic reactions, rhinitis, hypertension, arrhythmia, menstrual disorders, abortion, and infertility compared to control group. The hepatic and kidney function markers were highly significantly increased in exposed group compared to control. In addition, a statistically significant decrease in total white blood cells count (WBCs), Neutrophils percentage and a significant increase in lymphocyte percentage were found compared to control group. Furthermore, Cytotoxic T cell (CD8+/CD4-) and natural killer cells (NK) (CD19-/CD56+) percentages increased significantly, While percentages of T helper (CD8- /CD4+) cells and B lymphocytes (CD19+/CD 56- ) significantly decreased compared to control group. There were non- significant difference in red blood cells count (RBC), haemoglobin, and platelet count. In conclusion female nurses chronically exposed to low level waste anaesthetic gases developed hepatic, renal, haematological and immune parameters alterations.

Celiac disease (CD) is apparently changing in its clinical presentation, from chronic diarrhea and malnutrition to a silent clinic at older ages. The basal enteropathy of CD induces macro-and micronutrient malabsorption. Described micronutrient deficiencies in CD include: Fe, Zn, Cu, folate, Ca, vitamin E, D, B12 and B6, with complex transporter mechanisms altered. Ferropenic anemia has been described in CD as the exclusive sign and the most common extraintestinal sign. Zn deficiency is frequent in CD, associated with growth delay and immune alterations. Even though the main basis for vitamin D metabolic status is the activation of subdermal vitamin precursors by sun-UVB rays, the small bowel compromise may affect activity and vitamin D absorption. Pathophysiology of vitamin B12 deficiency in CD is unknown; it must be suspected in CD patients presenting neurological and haematological alterations. Copper deficiency has been described mainly in adult CD patients. Micronutrient deficiencies should be periodically studied through the CD follow-up; celiac disease must be studied if clinical signs of micronutrient deficiencies are diagnosed.

It becomes increasingly evident that the SARS-CoV-2 infection is not limited to the respiratory system. In addition to being a target of the virus, the kidney also seems to have a substantial influence on the outcomes of the disease. Data was obtained by a comprehensive and non-systematic search in the PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus and SciELO databases, using mainly the terms "SARS-CoV-2", "COVID-19", "chronic kidney disease", "renal transplantation", acute kidney injury" and "renal dysfunction" Discussion: The membrane-bound angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is the receptor for SARS-CoV- -2, and this interaction may lead to an imbalance of the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS), associated with worse clinical presentations of COVID-19, including acute pulmonary injury, hyperinflammatory state and hematological alterations. In the framework of renal diseases, the development of acute kidney injury is associated mostly with immune alterations and direct cytopathic lesions by the virus, leading to higher mortality. As for chronic kidney disease, the patients at a non-terminal stage have a worse prognosis, while the hemodialysis patients appear to have mild courses of COVID-19, probably due to lower chances of being affected by the cytokine storm. Furthermore, the current scenario is unfavorable to kidney donation and transplantation. The relationship between COVID-19 and immunosuppression in kidney transplantation recipients has been greatly discussed to determine whether it increases mortality and how it interacts with immunosuppressive medications. The kidney and the RAS exert fundamental roles in the SARS-CoV-2 infection, and more research is required to have a complete understanding of the repercussions caused by COVID-19 in renal diseases.

250-OR: Hypoproliferative CD8 Effector Memory (EM) Subsets Are Linked to Preservation of C-Peptide in Alefacept-Treated Recent-Onset Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) Subjects

Consensus statement on heart xenotransplantation in children: Toward clinical translation

Heat stress (HS) is a critical environmental factor that disrupts dairy cows' physiological and metabolic balance, leading to impaired productivity, immune suppression, and oxidative stress. The Brown Swiss breed is known for its relatively higher thermotolerance, yet its hematological and biochemical responses to acute HS remain poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of acute heat stress on the hematological and biochemical parameters of Brown Swiss dairy cows, identifying key physiological adaptations and potential biomarkers for stress assessment. The experiment involved 16 Brown Swiss cows in their second lactation, divided into a heat-stressed group (HYP, n = 8) and a control group (CON, n = 8). Heat stress conditions were characterized by a temperature-humidity index (THI) of 77.6 for five consecutive days. Hematological and biochemical analyses were conducted using an automated haematology analyzer and biochemical assays to assess oxygen transport capacity, metabolic adaptations, and immune responses. The results demonstrated significant changes in key blood parameters due to acute HS. Haemoglobin concentration decreased by 8.8% (P < 0.05), while platelet count and leukocyte levels were reduced by 30.2 % and 25.1 %, respectively (P < 0.05), indicating hematopoietic and immune alterations. Biochemical findings showed a 21.8 % increase in albumin concentration (P < 0.05), along with a 77.5 % rise in blood urea nitrogen (P < 0.05), suggesting enhanced protein catabolism. Additionally, total lipoprotein levels increased by 56.3 % (P < 0.05), and β-carotene concentration rose by 87.1 % (P < 0.05), reflecting metabolic shifts and oxidative stress adaptation. Thus, acute HS induces significant hematological and biochemical alterations in Brown Swiss cows, affecting oxygen transport, immune function, and metabolic regulation. The findings highlight the physiological trade-offs necessary for thermoregulation, emphasizing the need for targeted nutritional and environmental strategies to enhance heat stress resilience in dairy cattle. Further research is warranted to explore long-term adaptations and develop practical mitigation approaches.

A myriad of novel mediators in neoplastic development and progression are currently being explored. Of significance are those that directly explain clinical manifestations of cancer, because understanding these may lead to new diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic strategies. This review focuses on novel mediators that address how cancer, before it is treated, can induce cachexia, pain, hematological, and immune alterations. It highlights two concepts: first, that a synergy between tumor and stromal cells may be partly responsible for these manifestations, and second, that soluble factors, and in particular cytokines are being identified as major players in tumor-induced local and systemic effects.

Steatohepatitis alters lymphocytes cytotoxicity and localization, accelerating colorectal liver metastases.

Chronic exposure to cement dust is an occupational hazard associated with systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and haematological dysfunction. Cement dust contains silica and heavy metals, which can trigger immune activation, oxidative damage, and alterations in trace element homeostasis, particularly among workers in developing countries. This study assessed the impact of chronic cement dust exposure on haematological indices, inflammatory response, oxidative balance, and trace element status among industrial and non-industrial block molders in Benin City, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 205 participants: 80 industrial block molders, 80 non-industrial block molders, and 45 unexposed controls. Blood parameters measured included red blood cell count (RBC), haemoglobin, white blood cell count (WBC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), interleukin-10 (IL-10), total antioxidant status (TAS), calcium, and zinc levels, using automated analyzers and immunoassays. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, with significance set at p<0.05. Compared to controls, exposed workers exhibited significant reductions in RBC count and haemoglobin levels, indicating anaemia (p=0.001). Inflammatory markers ESR and IL-10 were significantly elevated in both exposed groups (p=0.001), suggesting persistent systemic inflammation. Total antioxidant status was reduced (p=0.001), reflecting oxidative stress. Trace element analysis showed zinc depletion and calcium elevation (p=0.001). The industrial block molders demonstrated more pronounced hematological and biochemical alterations than non-industrial molders. Chronic cement dust exposure impairs haematological function through mechanisms involving inflammation and oxidative stress and disrupts trace element balance. These findings highlight the need for occupational health interventions, including dust control, consistent use of personal protective equipment, and routine health monitoring of exposed workers.

General Background: Autoimmune thyroid diseases (ATDs), such as Graves’ disease and chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, are among the most prevalent endocrine disorders characterized by immune-mediated thyroid dysfunction. Specific Background: Cytokines and immune markers play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of ATDs, yet their association with hematological indices and ovarian reserve markers, such as Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH), remains underexplored. Knowledge Gap: Despite the known role of interleukins in autoimmune conditions, limited data exist linking IL-10, IL-17, and IL-18 levels with hematological and reproductive parameters in ATD patients. Aims: This study aimed to assess immunological (IL-10, IL-17, IL-18, AMH) and hematological (Hb, WBC, PLT) parameters in ATD patients compared to healthy individuals. Results: Findings revealed significantly higher serum IL-10, IL-17, and IL-18 levels in ATD patients, while AMH and hemoglobin were markedly reduced. White blood cell and platelet counts were significantly elevated, suggesting immune-driven hematopoietic alterations. Novelty: This study provides integrated evidence linking cytokine dysregulation with hematological and ovarian reserve disturbances in ATD, highlighting potential biomarkers for disease activity. Implications: The results underscore the need for cytokine profiling in ATD management and suggest that IL-10 and IL-18 may serve as predictive indicators for immune and reproductive dysfunction in affected individuals.Highlight : The study found significant increases in IL-10, IL-17, and IL-18 levels among patients with autoimmune thyroid disorders. Patients showed lower AMH and hemoglobin levels, with higher WBC and platelet counts compared to controls. These results emphasize the role of cytokines in immune and hematological alterations associated with autoimmune thyroid disease. Keywords : Autoimmune Thyroid Dysfunction, IL-18, IL-17, AMH, IL-10

Peripubertal PTSD-like stress in rats induces transient behavioral but lasting metabolic and inflammatory alterations: Limited fluoxetine efficacy.