Immigrants’ labour market experiences in early twentieth century Canada

What is the impact of the Olympic Games on an economy? Hosting an Olympic Games potentially offers benefits for the economy of the host city or region. The benefits include infrastructure construction related to the event, improved road or rail networks, consumption by tourists, and job creation. However, there are also potential drawbacks of hosting the event, such as high costs and underutilized facilities. Economists have studied the economic effects of the Olympic Games, but the existing empirical studies show mixed results. Miyoshi and Sasaki (2016) study the long-term effects of the 1998 Nagano Winter Olympic Games on output and labor market outcomes in Nagano City and its neighboring areas. To estimate the impact of the Nagano Olympic Games on the local economy and labor markets, they compare the actual outcomes caused by the Olympic Games with a counterfactual outcome that would have been observed if the Olympic Game had not been held. The counterfactual outcome is constructed by using the synthetic control methodology developed by Abadie et al. (2010). Miyoshi and Sasaki find that the Nagano Olympic Games induced population inflows into Nagano Prefecture and had a positive impact on the local economy. They also find that the Nagano Olympic had no effect on the local labor market. Mega sports events, such as the Olympic Games and the World Cup, are expected to have not only short-run effects, but also long-run effects on the economy. Miyoshi and Sasaki (2016) place the long-run effects at center stage when they study the effect of Nagano Olympic Games on the local economy and labor market. This is a valuable paper for readers who are interested in economic effects of mega sports events. I have a few comments on the analysis presented in the paper. Miyoshi and Sasaki (2016) examine whether the Nagano Olympic Games has a positive effect on the local GDP by comparing the actual and estimated synthetic counterfactual trends in Nagano Prefecture's GDP. Their analysis shows that the Nagano Olympic Games had a positive impact on the local economy in the long run. However, their analysis did not measure the size of the impact. Since we are interested in knowing how much the event boosted the local economy, Miyoshi and Sasaki should measure the size of the impact of the Nagano Olympic Games on the local GDP. Miyoshi and Sasaki (2016) demonstrate that the Nagano Olympic Games had a significant positive impact on Nagano Prefecture's GDP and production in the real estate sector, but it did not have a significant impact on the local GDP per capita. A key to understanding these results is population dynamics. Miyoshi and Sasaki (2016) show that the Olympic Games induced population inflows into Nagano Prefecture, and argue that the increase in Nagano Prefecture's population increased production in the real estate sector, and Nagano Prefecture's GDP. The finding that the Olympic Games had a positive impact on the local population is of interest. I am wondering how the Olympic Games induced the population inflow in the long run. Miyoshi and Sasaki should provide some economic intuition for this result. To investigate the impact of the Nagano Olympic Games on the local labor market, Miyoshi and Sasaki (2016) use administrative data on job findings (Shokugyou Antei Gyoumu Tokei). As they mentioned, while this dataset comprehensively covers labor market conditions in local areas throughout Japan, it has a considerable drawback: sample selection bias. The dataset only captures job seekers and job vacancies registered at local employment service offices. Thus, unregistered job seekers and firms with vacancies are excluded from the dataset. According to the Labour Force Survey, less than half of the unemployed workers visit employment service offices as the primary way of searching for jobs. This implies that a large proportion of unemployed workers search for jobs without using the Employment Agency's services. Similarly, it is known that a large proportion of firms with vacancies search for workers without using the employment service offices (see e.g. Kodama et al., 2004). This leads to two questions: How serious is the sample selection bias? How does the sample selection bias affect the results of the paper? Sample selection bias may mitigate the positive effect of the Olympic Games on labor market outcomes. This implies that Miyoshi and Sasaki's conclusion may not be very accurate. I think that authors need to provide a better discussion of the problems caused by sample selection bias. I am also wondering how the Olympic Games affected wages, which are ignored in their analysis.

Purpose. Nowadays the issue of employment of internally displaced women is becoming more and more relevant all over the world. In particular, in Ukraine, in the conditions of a full-scale war, the number of internally displaced women is increasing every day, and the possibility of finding a job for them on the local labor market is becoming more difficult. The main reasons for this are: the decrease in the potential of the labor market due to the destruction of production capacities and infrastructure, the increase in the level of unemployment, rising competition, the relocation of many businesses abroad, the change in the structure of the labor market, as well as in the structure of job offers. Under such conditions, IDP-women’s awareness that their specialty, skills, and competencies are in demand on the local labor market has a positive effect on their emotional and psychological state and increases the chances of their employment. The purpose of this study is to find out the level of influence availability of specialties and skills in demand in the local labor market by IDP-women on their emotional and psychological state in war conditions. Design/methodology/approach. To achieve the purpose, the methods of statistical analysis were used in the research. On the basis of the conducted analysis, the assumption that IDP-women who consider their specialty and work experience relevant to the local labor market, adapt more easily to new living conditions, have a positive emotional state and do not need psychological support was verified. These women also have other skills and abilities that are also in demand in the local labor market. IDP-women who believe that their other skills and abilities are not in demand in the local labor market need retraining and consider it important. The research is based on a sociological survey conducted by the authors with the Public Organization “Center for Women’s Perspectives” as part of the project “Advocacy Support of Internally Displaced Women in the Western Regions of Ukraine” with the financial support of the Women’s Peace and Humanitarian Fund of the United Nations. The survey of women was carried out by the questionnaire method in four regions of Ukraine: Ternopil, Rivne, Lviv and Khmelnytskyi. The sampling error does not exceed 3 % with a probability of 0.95. The sample population was calculated from the general population of 3,475 registered internally displaced women by September 2022. Findings. It was found that the emotional and psychological state of IDP-women is influenced to a greater extent by other factors than the presence of a specialty and work experience, which are relevant for the local labor market. The study identified the main barriers to the employment of internally displaced women. The hypothesis that the presence of a specialty and work experience in a specialty is sufficient for employment and a positive psychological state of IDP women has been rejected. Other factors can have a greater influence on employment and the emotional and psychological state of IDP-women, in particular, the desire to integrate into the local business environment, connection with part of the family or relatives, adaptation to new living conditions, loss of the previous source of income, uncertainty about further events, especially if the war is still ongoing and there is a direct threat to life. The hypothesis that IDP-women who consider their specialty and work experience relevant to the local labor market also have other skills and abilities that are also in demand on the local labor market was confirmed. Practical implications. The results of the research will be useful to public organizations, local selfgovernment bodies and other interested parties involved in assisting internally displaced persons. Originality/value. The specifics of the IDP-women are analyzed, the relationship between the main groups of factors that influence their employment of is established in the article. Barriers faced by IDP-women in searching for employment were analyzed.

This paper examines previous studies on the labor market, and reviews research issues concerning its spatial structure.In labor market studies, it has been recognized that the labor market is not a homogeneous structure but a segmented one, due to differences within the labor force in terms of wage disparity, labor movement, and so on. In recent years, much research indicates that the boundaries of the segmentation of the labor market are fluid and indistinct. Labor economists are not very interested in issues related to spatial relations.In Geography, labor market studies have changed in scope since the 1970s. In previous labor market research, there was a tendency to emphasize locational change of manufacturing industry and rural districts, using the local labor market as an approach in dealing with research issues in each field. As a result, these studies did not focus on the spatial structure of the labor market on a national or district scale.In order to further develop research methods in this field, several issues need to be resolved.Firstly, we must examine the spatial structure of the labor market on a national or district scale. It is necessary to regard the local labor market as a labor market area formed by the interaction of its supply and demand-side, and to examine its spatial structure. One of the most effective methods to understand its spatial structure is via cluster analysis which describes local labor markets on variables representing labor market conditions.Secondly, we must consider the mechanisms that operate the spatial structure of the labor market. Although the influence of the location of industrial job opportunities mainly affects the labor market, we need to consider other factors to explain its spatial structure. It is necessary to examine the labor supply structure in each local labor market, the distance from the central city, changes in industrial structures, locality, longstanding conventions, and so on. Since the 1970s, the major proportion of employees in the employment structure of Japan has shifted from the manufacturing to the service sector. Following the collapse of the bubble economy, the number of young people entering the labor market as non-regular workers has increased in metropolitan areas. When we analyze factors other than the core-periphery relationship, it is expected that the mechanisms causing regional differences in labor market conditions, such as unemployment and labor supply and demand, will become increasingly clear.

We examine the experiences of foreign-invested enterprises with localized shortages of skilled process workers in a local labour market in China: Suzhou Industrial Park (SIP). In particular, we examine how they respond to three major challenges: deficiencies in the vocational education and training system (VET); provision of workplace-based training; and poaching of skilled workers by other companies. We statistically examine employers’ responses to these challenges by using five independent variables: firms’ duration in SIP; size of firms’ skilled workforces in SIP, employers’ experiences of recruitment difficulties; employers’ perceptions of VET deficiencies; and employers’ experiences of employee poaching by other employers. Our findings show a range of approaches within firms that both confirm and contradict the economics-oriented human resource management (HRM) literature and recent discussion on the effects of Confucian values on HRM. As well, more innovatively, we find that firms use their HRM practices to link their internal labour markets and the local external labour market. Moreover, these firms engage with local institutions to meet their market-oriented requirements, suggesting the need for a more locationally sensitive approach to ‘HRM with Chinese characteristics’.

Danish labour market policies and the Danish flexicurity model were feted during the 1990s when active labour market policies combined with economic policies were able to revitalize the Danish economy and to reduce unemployment from 12.0 per cent to 1.4 per cent by mid‐2008. This article explains the background for this development, explains the major features of the Danish flexicurity model, and uses this to explain recent reform developments in Denmark. Investing in people and decentralization of the implementation of policies are important features of the relative success of Denmark's policies. The importance of taking the individual's competences and labour market experience into consideration as well as the importance of adapting active labour market polices to needs in the local labour market are lessons to be drawn from policy developments in Denmark. The article underlines that Denmark's policies are seen as structural policies that seek to adapt structures in the labour market, social benefit system and educational system to future challenges – and that for structural policies to be successful their timing with economic policies is important. This timing is thought to have been successful the 1990s, but it remains to be seen if this has been so in relation to the most recent reforms.

This article focuses on the impact of the local opportunity structure on socio‐economic outcomes of recent immigrants to Israel. Specifically, it examines the extent to which metropolitan labour markets versus peripheral labour markets differentially affect socio‐economic incorporation of recent “Russian” immigrants who arrived in Israel after the collapse of the former Soviet Union in 1989.Using the 1995 Israeli Census of Population, the analyses address the following questions: (1) were recent immigrants differentially sorted to local labour markets; (2) do local labour markets differentially affect socio‐economic attainment; and (3) do modes of socio‐economic attainment and patterns of ethnic inequality differ across metropolitan and peripheral labour markets?The analyses reveal that immigrants from the European republics and of lower education are more likely to settle in peripheral labour markets than in metropolitan labour markets. Peripheral labour markets, compared with metropolitan labour markets, have detrimental consequences for the socio‐economic outcomes of immigrants.The data do not provide strong support for the thesis that patterns of socio‐economic attainment and inequality differ much across labour markets. The rules according to which socio‐economic attainment of immigrants is determined are, for the most part, similar across labour markets. In general, occupational status and earnings of immigrants are likely to increase with the passage of time, education, European origin; and to decline with age regardless of type of the local labour market. However, the socio‐economic outcomes of immigrants are considerably higher in the metropolis than in the periphery.The findings suggest that the local labour market plays a major role in the determination of immigrants' socio‐economic rewards and outcomes.

Young people in countries such as South Africa are finding it difficult to make a successful school-to-work transition. This is exacerbated by high unemployment and uncertainty in the labour market. The South African government appears to be trying to implement a range of strategies and approaches to try and assist unemployed graduates. However, the onus is also on the graduate to look for ways in dealing with the uncertain labour market. The purpose of this research was to investigate the labour market transition and experiences of unemployed graduates within the context of high unemployment in South Africa. The research utilised an interpretivist philosophy hinging on the qualitative approach, and it used an exploratory research design. Further, a longitudinal technique was employed, tracing over a period of two years the labour market experiences and transitions of a sample of 30 graduates who had been enrolled at a historically disadvantaged higher education institution in South Africa. Data was collected from focus group discussions and unstructured individual interviews over this two-year period. The findings obtained through structural narrative analysis revealed that the labour market transition and experiences of the unemployed graduates were not negative only; some of the graduates had used their own resourceful techniques to deal with challenges. Based on the findings of the research and in view of the uncertain labour market, suggestions were made that would have resonance for not only individuals but also policymakers, career counsellors and institutions of higher learning.

Young people in countries such as South Africa are finding it difficult to make a successful school-to-work transition. This is exacerbated by high unemployment and uncertainty in the labour market. The South African government appears to be trying to implement a range of strategies and approaches to try and assist unemployed graduates. However, the onus is also on the graduate to look for ways in dealing with the uncertain labour market. The purpose of this research was to investigate the labour market transition and experiences of unemployed graduates within the context of high unemployment in South Africa. The research utilised an interpretivist philosophy hinging on the qualitative approach, and it used an exploratory research design. Further, a longitudinal technique was employed, tracing over a period of two years the labour market experiences and transitions of a sample of 30 graduates who had been enrolled at a historically disadvantaged higher education institution in South Africa. Data was collected from focus group discussions and unstructured individual interviews over this two-year period. The findings obtained through structural narrative analysis revealed that the labour market transition and experiences of the unemployed graduates were not negative only; some of the graduates had used their own resourceful techniques to deal with challenges. Based on the findings of the research and in view of the uncertain labour market, suggestions were made that would have resonance for not only individuals but also policymakers, career counsellors and institutions of higher learning.

An examination of the relationship between large organizations and local labour markets which draws attention to the role of the extended internal labour market (EILM). This paper explores recruitment strategies in the local labour market amongst 52 major employers in the metal sectors in the Sheffield local labour market. It shows how dependence on the external labour market rather than the internal labour market varies with the different occupations recruited within the local area and that, in some occupations, the EILM plays an important role. Where recruitment difficulties are experienced there are a variety of responses, all of which have particular implications for the amount and type of labour sought from the external labour market. The paper concludes by arguing for a greater emphasis on the recruitment strategies of larger firms in employer surveys to provide new insights into the operation of local labour markets and, in particular, the operation of the EILM.

In this paper we first review the (potential and actual) role of the Universities for the local economies in which they operate, especially considering the implications deriving from the degree of skill mismatch (over-education) in a local labour market. Then, in the second part of the paper, we realise an empirical investigation based on administrative information of an Italian University matched with the data of the job centres of the local (provincial) labour market in order to reconstruct the characteristics of the university-to-work transitions of graduates. Our results have important policy implications, since for local development it is crucial, among other things, to make the best use of all human resources and especially those with the highest educational level.

The peripheral regions of Hungary, such as the Northern Hungarian region and its settlements, are facing a variety of problems and challenges, and in addition to economic difficulties, demographic and labour market challenges also demand increased attention and solutions. Since the change of regime, the region has been facing economic and labour market difficulties. The current labour market faces a combination of labour shortages, automation and robotisation, rapidly changing conditions and high unemployment. In most peripheral regions, the availability of labour resources to meet the needs of the primary labour market is very limited and local labour markets are completely depleted. The unemployed lack skills and experience. The aim of the study is to provide an overview of labour market developments in the Northern Hungarian region since the change of regime and to describe successful local developments. Addressing the situation requires local, municipal-level solutions, which is a real challenge, as there is no single recipe. Local development can and should be built on a toolbox of local development, as solutions based on local resources, local ‘heroes’, local control and local ideas can be successful. The paper describes such successful local development.

Research on socio-economic mobility focuses on how background affects later labour market outcomes. Growing up in a disadvantaged household does not always lead to the same outcomes however, and the extent to which this matters depends on the local labour market. Using multilevel models on the German Socio-Economic Panel Study, this article shows that disadvantaged young adults (16?35 years old) are more affected by the business cycle than their similarly educated counterparts from more advantaged backgrounds. We propose that a disadvantaged background lowers desirability on the labour market, which matters more to employers as the labour market worsens. When the local labour market is slack, disadvantaged young adults get crowded out of good jobs by their more advantaged but similarly qualified peers. Among the higher qualified, this means the disadvantaged work on lower paying jobs, while those who are less educated are most at risk of unemployment. These results are robust to using different specifications. As the early career has long-term effects, the conditions during which young adults enter the labour market can play a large role in their labour market outcomes and can affect inequality by background overall.

GIS and microsimulation for local labour market analysis

The literature on the construction industry suggests that the structure of labour markets in that industry sets up barriers to skills development. It is often suggested that ‘employer engagement’, leading to increased ‘buy-in’ into skills development, and investment by employers is the way to overcome these barriers. We present an example from a local labour market in South East England, with reference to an intervention in training (‘Constructing Futures’) that has brought private and public sector actors together. This example shows that employer engagement on its own is not sufficient to overcome the barriers created by the labour market structure. We suggest some essential measures to allow more workers to enter the industry and gain skills and reduce the skill shortages endemic to the industry in South East England.

The paper deals with the statistical study of the structural changes in the local labour market. It has been pointed out that one of the basic statistical study of the complex socio-economic systems, which is considered the local labour market are structural dynamic changes. It is caused by the structure which always has a certain mobility and ability to change under the influence of the internal and external factors. Therefore, in the study the analysis was carried out to identify the trends of local labour market functioning, as well as to assess the summary characteristics of the structural differences in the dynamics. It has been grounded that the functioning of the local labour market in the whole is characterized by certain structural and dynamic changes which can be estimated on the bases of measurements of total and current local labour market by using indicators of labour market statistics. The most common indicators include linear coefficient of absolute structural changes, the average coefficient of absolute structural changes, the average coefficient of relative structural changes, the integral coefficient of structural changes of Gateva, a general indicator of structural changes of Salai. Despite the complexity and diversity of the processes the most relevant study is that one that analyze the dynamics of economically active population number by gender, number of employed population by gender, number of vacancies by type of economic activity. The constant monitoring of indicators of labour market statistics makes it possible to optimize the activity of local governments involved in planning and monitoring the implementation of the decisions taken to promote employment, reduce unemployment, to balance and improve the effectiveness of management decisions