Abstract

In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been utilized for decades to image materials processes at high spatial resolution. Yet the relevant dynamics of many of these processes often remain elusive, as they unfold too rapidly to discern at small spatial scales using conventional TEM imaging conditions. For example, consider a transformation front moving with a relatively low velocity of 0.1 mm/s. In situ TEM imaging conducted with conventional acquisition rates of 30 frames/s corresponds to a temporal resolution of ~33 ms and, limited by motion blur, provides a spatial resolution of only ~3 μm. Given the rapid microstructural evolution of many types of irreversible transformation fronts—on the order of mm/s to m/s—nanosecond temporal resolutions are required to capture these processes.

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