Illegitimacy, Infanticide, and Child Abuse Maidservants and Motherhood in Nineteenth Century Vienna

The purpose of this article is to contribute to a more robust theory of leadership that shifts the frame of reference from leadership as exclusively facilitated through a single inspired leader to one that includes the view of leadership as an emergent and complex social phenomenon. The article begins with a review of the leader-centric approaches that dominated much of twentieth century leadership studies then moves on to present contemporary critiques of leader-centric approaches leading to an alternative perspective of leadership as an emergent and complex social phenomenon. Viewing leadership as an emergent and complex social phenomenon changes our attitude regarding the roles that leaders and others play in the creation of leadership. A central theme of this article is the impact that the concept of emergence has on leadership theory. In response to this changing attitude, the article then moves to return to and reassess the ontological, epistemological and ethical grounds of leadership and concludes that there is an underlying philosophy that supports viewing leadership as an emergent social phenomenon and further suggests that recent work in virtue epistemology along with Calvin Schrag’s theory of communicative praxis and transversal rationality, can facilitate a better understanding of leadership as an emergent social phenomenon.

Relevance of the research topic is that management education as a complex social phenomenon of the present, is an integral part of the formation of managerial culture of the head. Management education is interpreted from different sides, which suggests that managerial education is an interdisciplinary matrix of many socio-humanities and behavioral sciences. Problem statement - managerial education helps to form the personal qualities of the manager, which in general contributes to the formation of the concept of personal management. It is at the post-industrial stage that the formation and development of managerial education, based on knowledge, intellect, and professionalism, takes place. The analysis of recent researches and publications - for analysis, we highlight the publications of V.Beh, Yu.Beh, V.Voronkova, O.Kivlyuk, V.Nikitenko, M.Maksmenyuk, R.Olexenko, O.Punchchenko, O.Sosnin, which allow us to penetrate into the essence of management culture as the basis of managerial education. The selection of unexplored parts of the general problem - management culture as a complex social phenomenon remains rather insufficiently analyzed, all transformations in our country depend on its level and high quality. Problem statement - analysis of the methodological principles of managerial education in the context of the philosophy of education. Methods - general science and methods of constructive methodology applied to management sciences. In the economic, sociological, socio-philosophical literature of recent years the concept of learning has become widespread. Main material presenting. At the core of the study - the conceptualization of methodological principles that allow to penetrate into such a complex phenomenon as managerial science, updated in the era of the information society, the development of directions for improving teaching management science in the transition to a new technological structure.The scientific novelty of the research is the application of constructive methodology, which shows that management science is a science of praxeological orientation. It is proved that the most important attributes of managerial culture, aimed at analysis of a complex self-regulated system, are self-organization and reflexivity.They are those attributes that contribute to the formation of an innovative management paradigm. It qualitatively accelerates the process of development and transformation of society through the inclusion of intentional and unpredictable consequences in it. All these factors accelerate the transformational processes in modern Ukrainian society. Conclusions - the philosophy of education should be regarded as a process, result and social phenomenon. The main task of managerial sciences is the prognostic, which investigates the laws of objective reality, aimed at increasing the information, production and organizational potential. The use of this potential contributes to the formation of the concept of personal management of the manager, which is necessary to solve the problems of modern society and increase the dynamic development of the state and society

Relevance of the research topic is that management education as a complex social phenomenon of the present, is an integral part of the formation of managerial culture of the head. Management education is interpreted from different sides, which suggests that managerial education is an interdisciplinary matrix of many socio-humanities and behavioral sciences.Problem statement - managerial education helps to form the personal qualities of the manager, which in general contributes to the formation of the concept of personal management. It is at the post-industrial stage that the formation and development of managerial education, based on knowledge, intellect, and professionalism, takes place.The analysis of recent researches and publications - for analysis, we highlight the publications of V.Beh, Yu.Beh, V.Voronkova, O.Kivlyuk, V.Nikitenko, M.Maksmenyuk, R.Olexenko, O.Punchchenko, O.Sosnin, which allow us to penetrate into the essence of management culture as the basis of managerial education. The selection of unexplored parts of the general problem - management culture as a complex social phenomenon remains rather insufficiently analyzed, all transformations in our country depend on its level and high quality.Problem statement - analysis of the methodological principles of managerial education in the context of the philosophy of education.Methods - general science and methods of constructive methodology applied to management sciences. In the economic, sociological, socio-philosophical literature of recent years the concept of "learning society" has become widespread. Main material presenting. At the core of the study - the conceptualization of methodological principles that allow to penetrate into such a complex phenomenon as managerial science, updated in the era of the information society, the development of directions for improving teaching management science in the transition to a new technological structure.The scientific novelty of the research is the application of constructive methodology, which shows that management science is a science of praxeological orientation. It is proved that the most important attributes of managerial culture, aimed at analysis of a complex self-regulated system, are self-organization and reflexivity.They are those attributes that contribute to the formation of an innovative management paradigm. It qualitatively accelerates the process of development and transformation of society through the inclusion of intentional and unpredictable consequences in it. All these factors accelerate the transformational processes in modern Ukrainian society.Conclusions - the philosophy of education should be regarded as a process, result and social phenomenon. The main task of managerial sciences is the prognostic, which investigates the laws of objective reality, aimed at increasing the information, production and organizational potential. The use of this potential contributes to the formation of the concept of personal management of the manager, which is necessary to solve the problems of modern society and increase the dynamic development of the state and society

Robbins belongs to the prehistory of microfoundations, for his definition of economics helped to buttress the centrality that individual choice acquired after the Second World War. This, however, was an unintended effect of his seminal Essay. Our claim is that, underlying his definition of economics, a novel approach to methodological individualism is advanced, in which the isolated individual plays the role of a temporary device. The economic man is but a first step in order to analyze more complex social phenomena. More specifically, three types of methodological individualism are outlined and it is argued that Robbins’ approach cannot be classified as any of them; we thus propose a different category, that of ‘first-step individualism’. Robbins’ rationale for focusing on the isolated individual is not that social phenomena can be reduced to individual behaviour, but rather that this is the best starting point for economics, if it is to progress and be able to deal with more complex phenomena in the future.

Lionel Robbins’ definition of economics helped to buttress the centrality that individual choice acquired after the Second World War. This, however, was an unintended consequence of his seminal work. Underlying his definition of economics, a novel approach to methodological individualism is advanced, in which the isolated individual plays the role of a temporary device useful for analysing more complex social phenomena. The paper outlines three types of methodological individualism, and argues that Robbins’ approach cannot be classified under any of them; we thus propose a different category, that of ‘first-step individualism’. Robbins’ rationale for focusing on the isolated individual is not that social phenomena can be reduced to individual behaviour, but rather that this is the best starting point for economics, if it is to progress and be able to deal with more complex phenomena in the future.

Many macro-level social phenomena are complex: they emerge from repeated interactions among interconnected individuals, and from the mutual feedback between these individuals and their environment. Complex social phenomena tend to be chaotic and highly sensitive to the behaviours of individuals and to their environmental conditions. This makes these phenomena difficult to study, understand and forecast. Furthermore, useful empirical data about complex social phenomena is often insufficient or unavailable. This chapter provides an overview of agent-based modelling (ABM) as a method of social inquiry to theorise and test mechanisms behind complex social phenomena, even when empirical data is scarce. ABM consists of computer simulations where social agents interact in autonomous, adaptive, and interdependent ways. We summarise ABM theory, present its ingredients and the inner workings of such a simulation model, and then explain how this type of model can be analysed meaningfully. We use two peer-reviewed applications examples of ABM for illustration purposes. Finally, we provide some general outlook and guidance for further reading into the topic.

Through the socio-economic generated implications, unemployment is a very complex social phenomenon. The economic reality showed there is no single solution for unemployment. There are no pure and perfect solutions, only integrated programs in the anti-crisis political system. The phenomenon itself cannot be eliminated, it can only be addressed. Through the socio-economic generated implications, the unemployment is a very complex social phenomenon, being related with poverty. Unemployment induces a drastic decrease of the living standards. As a macroeconomic complex imbalance, it impacts all the compartments of the national economy. The economic history of our century reveals that unemployment has become a mass nature. The financial difficulties of the companies, inlet by covid-19 global crises, caused a mass disorder of all the economic activity, impacting the labour market and a concern of the government to find ideal solutions to increase employment.

Tem como objetivo desenvolver reflexões sobre a relação entre a composição da juventude nas últimas décadas no Brasil e a configuração das políticas públicas para esse segmento. Parte do pressuposto de que a juventude, é um fenômeno social complexo e está inserido em uma realidade/concretude sócio-histórica que reflete as tensões, conflitos e contradições constitutivos da sociedade capitalista. A análise é desenvolvida a partir da fronteira entre três campos do saber: sociologia, demografia e política. Com a demografia debate os números, a configuração do fenômeno da onda jovem por meio das coortes juvenis e seus impactos, problematizando esse processo com os conceitos de bônus demográfico e janela de oportunidades. A partir da sociologia analisa tanto o impacto do volume dessas coortes juvenis, quanto as representações de jovens no desenho das políticas públicas. Utiliza como parâmetro de análise de dados dois documentos de diagnósticos sobre ‘juventudes’ brasileira, produzidos por instituições do governo federal em momentos distintos - CNPD 1998 e SAE/PR/IPEA 2013 - como forma de entender o cenário de composição da transição demográfica e a transformação da estrutura etária das últimas décadas. Questiona se as políticas públicas e ações do governo desenvolvidas no decurso do tempo transcorrido entre os dois diagnósticos, considerou realmente o impacto e a importância desse fenômeno que, segundo, os demógrafos, ocorre apenas uma vez na história dos países. Conclui-se que, para além da dimensão demográfica, a juventude, como um fenômeno social complexo, na medida em que, tanto em nível de fetiche de mercadoria, como de exploração do trabalho, é apropriado pelo capitalismo, ficando as políticas públicas na busca do alcance da realidade desse fenômeno.

The presented material explores the evolution of scientific views on the causes of the spread of corruption and the development of anti-corruption policy. The study is based on the causes of the spread of corruption in public relations. The features of the manifestation of corruption in the ancient world were outlined, which indicate that corruption is a complex social phenomenon that is rooted in all management systems and various spheres of economic relations. It is precisely because of its belonging to all spheres of public administration and the emergence of a state institution that the expediency of studying the evolution of anti-corruption policy is an integral part of modern public administration. The purpose analyze the evolution of scientific views on the causes of the spread of corruption and the development of anti-corruption policy, to explore the historical aspects of its formation, to outline the features of the manifestation of corruption in the ancient world and its impact on social and economic relations. On this basis, to substantiate the theoretical principles of the formation of an effective mechanism of anti-corruption policy as an integral element of modern public administration and ensuring the economic security of the state. The research methodology is based on the use of a complex of general scientific and special methods that provide a systematic approach to the analysis of the evolution of anti-corruption policy and the mechanisms of its formation. The main research methods are: the historical-genetic method, which is used to trace the historical origins of corruption, analyze its manifestations in different historical periods and the impact on the development of public administration; the comparative-legal method, which was used to analyze the features of anti-corruption policy in different countries and legal systems, which allows identifying effective mechanisms for combating corruption; the systemic method, which allows considering corruption as a complex social phenomenon that permeates all spheres of public administration and economic relations, as well as to determine the place of anti-corruption policy in the system of ensuring the economic security of the state; doctrinal analysis, which is aimed at studying scientific approaches to determining the essence of corruption and ways to overcome it, as well as analyzing regulatory legal acts that regulate anti-corruption activities. Results. The main historical stages of the development of anti-corruption policy were identified, the evolution of scientific views on the causes of the spread of corruption and its impact on public relations was analyzed. The key socio-economic, political and legal factors that contributed to the formation of corruption practices in public administration systems were identified. The peculiarities of the manifestation of corruption in different historical periods and its connection with the economic security of the state were identified. Practical implications lies in the possibility of using its results to improve anti-corruption policy mechanisms, increase the efficiency of public administration and ensure the economic security of Ukraine. Value/originality consists in a comprehensive approach to studying the evolution of anti-corruption policy through a combination of historical aspects and theoretical foundations of the formation of a mechanism for ensuring the economic security of the state. The scientific novelty of the study is based on the analysis of corruption as a multidimensional social phenomenon that has existed in various forms since the times of ancient civilizations and continues to influence modern management processes. The use of an interdisciplinary approach that combines legal, economic and management research methods allows us to identify the root causes of the spread of corruption and propose new approaches to overcoming it in the context of modern challenges. The study also emphasizes the formation of anti-corruption strategies that take into account historical lessons and modern trends, which contributes to increasing the efficiency of public administration and ensuring the economic security of Ukraine.

T HE FUTURE of Sociology lies in the continued expansion and fullest use of quantitative research. However, socalled sociometric techniques are still in their early development. We can now use them only on carefully selected problems, usually directed at the study of a limited aspect of some more complicated phenomenon. This is to be expected. We shall have to build long and diligently before these techniques can be applied to more complicated problems with much hope of success. Yet, the practical problems about which our advice is often asked involve just such complex phenomena. Especially in times like these laymen, public officials and we ourselves would like to know more about forms of behavior on which we are not able to use what we consider our best, maybe our only good, tools. How, then, can we produce socially useful research until that day when we and our research methods come of age? This paper describes an attempt to study a complex social phenomenon as objectively and as quantitatively as was possible in the absence of applicable tested techniques. A study of the public relief activities in a rural county was being made, partly because of a request from the state department of welfare.' One phase of the project was to find out how local citizens thought the relief problem should be met, what kind of relief agency and program they wanted. This meant an opinion study of a cross-section of the county's population, including illiterates, sharecroppers, housewives, factory workers,

Child abuse is one of the most significant social problems affecting children. Violence by a husband toward a pregnant wife may be a type of prenatal child abuse, on a conscious or subconscious level. The abuse may kill or handicap the child. Post natal child abuse or neglect is one of the most serious problem confronting the physician and nurse who care for children. Child abuse can also occur in day care centers, school and child care agencies. Abused children may have had an earlier diagnosis of failure to thrive. (Barbara A Redding 2009) Child abuse is the physical, sexual, emotional maltreatment or neglect of children. In the US the centre for disease control and prevention (CDC) define child maltreatment as any act and series of act of commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that result in harm, potential for harm or threat of harm to a child. Child abuse is a complex phenomenon with multiple causes. Parents who physically abuse their spouse are more likely than others to physically abuse their children. However it is impossible to whether marital stress is cause of child abuse are caused by tendencies in their abuser. Materials and Methods: A non-experimental descriptive design was used to assess the knowledge regarding child abuse among mothers of children under 12 years of age.The study conducted on 80 samples. Data was collected using semi structured interview schedule. Results: Knowledge of mothers regarding child abuse was divided into three categories for easy understanding. The result of the study revealed that 1(1.25%) of mother had adequate knowledge level regarding child abuse, 3(3.75%) of them had moderate knowledge and 76(95%) of them had inadequate knowledge. The overall knowledge rated with the maximum possible score of 120. It was ranged between 27-100 with mean of 38.08 and SD percentage of 12.31%, the mean score percentage of overall knowledge was 32.2%.there is no significant relationship between knowledge of mothers on child abuse with age, religion, education, type of family, income, number of children, and mothers injured their children but there was significant relationship with occupation, previous knowledge and witness of child abuse. Conclusion: The conclusion drawn from the findings of the study. 95% subjects had inadequate knowledge regarding child abuse. Knowledge of mothers regarding child abuse was significant with occupation, previous knowledge and witness of child abuse.

Child maltreatment (CM) is a recognized public health problem, and epidemiologic data suggest that it is a widespread phenomenon, albeit with widely varying estimates. Indeed, CM as well as child abuse (CA) and neglect (CN) are complex phenomena that are difficult to study for several reasons, including terminological and definitional problems that pose a hurdle to estimating epidemiological rates. Therefore, the main aim of this umbrella review is to revise recent review data on the epidemiology of CM, CA, and CN. A second aim was to revise the definitions used. A systematic search of three databases was performed in March 2022. Recent reviews (published in the last 5 years: 2017-March 2022) addressing the epidemiological rates of CM, CA, and/or CN were included. Of the 314 documents retrieved by the selected search strategy, the eligibility assessment yielded a total of 29 eligible documents. Because of the great heterogeneity among them, a qualitative rather than a quantitative synthesis was performed. The data from this umbrella review show that the different age groups, methods, and instruments used in the literature to collect the data on the epidemiology of CM make it difficult to compare the results. Although definitions appear to be quite homogeneous, CM categorization varies widely across studies. Furthermore, this umbrella review shows that the CM reviews considered do not examine some particular forms of CM such as parental overprotection. The results are discussed in detail throughout the paper.

: While the outcome of the Iraq war seems to have validated the U.S. Army's counterinsurgency manual, FM 3-24, the war in Afghanistan seems to indicate there are fundamental problems associated with its historical principles and concepts. Dr. Kilcullen and Dr. Gorka in An Actor-centric Theory of War: Understanding the Difference Between COIN and Counterinsurgency claim that the historical cases upon which the COIN doctrine was based were too limited and do not represent contemporary insurgencies. The research, therefore, was directed at verifying their claim. To evaluate their claim, the research sought to answer three key questions. First, is FM 3-24 Counterinsurgency based upon theories and concepts derived in the unique context of the 20th century? Second, is the doctrine too reliant upon customary scientific principles to be relevant in addressing complex human and social phenomena such as insurgency? Lastly, in light of a historical contemporary conflict, is the doctrine an adequate guide for action in the apparently uncertain and more complex 21st century? The evidence collected showed that FM 3-24's writers relied heavily on well-documented 20th century insurgencies to define COIN principles that would guide action in the 21st century. As a result, FM 3-24 emphasizes principles and practices derived from post-colonial and Marxist contexts, not from conflicts occurring in the 21st century. The manual's over reliance on general principles indicates that the writers used a scientific approach to understanding and describing complex human and social phenomena. Examination of the Algerian Civil War further revealed that understanding context is an important factor in insurgencies because the principles codified in the manual may not be relevant to insurgencies occurring in the 21st century. These findings are troubling because they imply that the U.S. Army and other COIN forces may initiate future counterinsurgency campaigns with an inadequate guide to action.

Multiracial identity is a complex social phenomenon — especially when we consider it from an international point of view. This book offers an introduction to the meandering historical and sociological paths of four global multiracial identity constructs. A number of key themes have emerged that shed light on both the particularity and commonality of multiracial identity experiences. These need to be explored with further empirical research. Certainly in regard to: the development of white supremacy ideology and practice and how it has impacted on and socially engineered ‘multiracial groups’; how and why the social structure of a society often determines the way identities are formed; and, given this, the extent to which ‘human agency’ is relevant to identity construct is important, but how important? These themes need to be examined in far greater detail than that offered here.KeywordsInternational PointWhite SupremacyBlack IdentityIdentity ConstructUnequal Power RelationThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

The research problem is the importance of scientific theory and theories in the scientific study of genocide. The main objective and purpose of the work are to enable, through an appropriate, correct, and scientifically verified methodological approach, the acquisition of real scientific knowledge about the study of a very complex social phenomenon - genocide - and the contribution of scientific theory to this research, builds a separate scientific discipline - the science of genocide. The main results of the work are prerequisites for successful genocide research and the formation of a special science that would deal with this problem, it is necessary to develop theory and scientific theory as a basis for the development of genocide science because the underdevelopment of theoretical assumptions reflects the development of methodological empirical research and the limited use of research procedures, methods, and techniques. If the theoretical basis of empirical research is weaker, then the source of research knowledge is limited. This suggests that there is a direct causal relationship with the research results obtained, which calls into question their value and validity. The research conducted in this thesis has the characteristics of scientific theoretical research, which is necessarily qualitative in nature. As it is theoretical research of a qualitative nature, the qualitative method of document content analysis is mainly applied as one of the methods of data collection. In addition to this method, all the basic analytical-synthetic methods will be used as individual methods and in certain combinations, correlations, and relationships as necessary, as well as the hypothetico-deductive, axiomatic and comparative methods of the group of general scientific methods. The study will add to and complete the body of scientific information on genocide research.
 
 Received: 18 September 2022 / Accepted: 25 December 2022 / Published: 5 January 2023