Idiomatics: The Ethos, Pathos, and Logos of Idiomatics Proper

Figurative language in poetry is important to study because figurative language is one part of the physical structure of poetry that can animate or cause certain effect and cause certain connotation of words contained in poetry. This research was carried out to obtain figurative language description in Chairil Anwar's poems. The procedure that was passed from data collection to data interpretation were (a) identifying figurative languages in Chairil Anwar's poems, (b) understanding languages in figurative form, (c) understanding the description of meaning contained in it, and ( d) marking the units of segmentation in the form of figurative language. Data analysis was based on three processes, namely the reduction process, the data presentation process, and the verification process. Based on the result of the study obtained, the figurative language is closely related to reality life, poets have a specific purpose in using figurative language, reader must try to understand figurative language in an effort to intact the meaning of a poem, in the poems of Chairil Anwar a number of the beauty of figurative language that can help the reader interpret the meaning of the lines contained there in. Figurative language is presented in his poems to make it easier for reader to interpret the poem. In his poems, Chairil Anwar does not just mention figurative language so that the poems seem interesting, but the inclusion of figurative language was done carefully so that the reader is able to know the meaning of figurative language even though it is considered difficult to interpret. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/aksara/v21i1.pp41-56

The empirical study of figurative language in literature

Literal vs. figurative language: Different or equal?

Preschool-age children show rapid development in various aspects of their development, including numeracy and language development. Various and appropriate stimulations are expected to optimize their development. Parents as the closest support system for preschool children have a very significant role, especially in helping children optimize their numeracy and language skills. Parents can play an optimal role if they understand children's numeracy and language development. In this community service program, parents are given training on "Optimizing the Learning Environment for Numeracy and Language in Preschool Children" which aims to increase parents' understanding of children's numeracy and language development and efforts to optimize it. The participants were 31 parents and Posyandu cadres in Jatimukti, Sumedang, West Java. Parents' understanding was measured through a pre-test questionnaire administered at the beginning of the training and a post-test questionnaire at the end of the training. The results showed a positive effect of the training on parents' understanding of children's numeracy and language development. Therefore, the results of this training recommend further trainings aimed at improving parents' understanding of language and numeracy development in preschool childrens.

The 7 articles in this collection describe new views of figurative language understanding. These articles differ in the types of figurative language they examine and address different linguistic levels (i.e., word vs. utterance) in the models proposed. Yet the articles make important claims about the use of contextual information in inferring figurative meaning and similarities and differences in processing figurative and literal language. These models are evaluated; places where the models conflict are noted; and ways these new ideas are improvements over more general, traditional theories of figurative language understanding are suggested. Several issues and topics are also raised that are not addressed in these articles but should be of concern to figurative language scholars.

The papers in this Special Issue showcase some of the current work that aims to understand how people attribute meaning when speakers employ figurative language. Figurative language serves various communication goals, such as softening messages, enhancing politeness, and conveying criticism more subtly. However, misinterpretations are common due to the inherent conflict between direct and indirect messages. In this commentary, I provide a broader context to this work by couching the study of figurative language as an important and timely exploration of social language use, which is in turn influenced by new methodological approaches and challenges. I begin by reviewing how power dynamics influence the interpretation of language, including how cues to politeness (e.g. honorifics) vary based on social status and cultural context. The importance of language and culture in shaping interpretation of meaning is demonstrated in studies that have compared Western individualism with Eastern collectivism, or by comparing speakers with different levels of language proficiency (i.e. second language learners). Next, I review how the advent of technology and social media has transformed language use, requiring researchers to explore new methods and cues for communication. Finally, I discuss how future research could make use of methodological advancements, such as large-scale eye-tracking studies to analyze individual differences, and more diverse populations and developmental stages to advance our understanding of real-time language comprehension. Contributions of the articles in this Special Issue are featured throughout.

Due to the growing volume of available textual information, there is a great demand for Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques that can automatically process and manage texts, supporting the information retrieval and communication in core areas of society (e.g. healthcare, business, and science). NLP techniques have to tackle the often ambiguous and linguistic structures that people use in everyday speech. As such, there are many issues that have to be considered, for instance slang, grammatical errors, regional dialects, figurative language , etc. Figurative Language (FL), such as irony , sarcasm , simile, and metaphor, poses a serious challenge to NLP systems. FL is a frequent phenomenon within human communication, occurring both in spoken and written discourse including books, websites, fora, chats, social network posts, news articles and product reviews. Indeed, knowing what people think can help companies, political parties, and other public entities in strategizing and decision-making polices. When people are engaged in an informal conversation, they almost inevitably use irony (or sarcasm) to express something else or different than stated by the literal sentence meaning. Sentiment analysis methods can be easily misled by the presence of words that have a strong polarity but are used sarcastically, which means that the opposite polarity was intended. Several efforts have been recently devoted to detect and tackle FL phenomena in social media. Many of applications rely on task-specific lexicons (e.g. dictionaries, word classifications) or Machine Learning algorithms. Increasingly, numerous companies have begun to leverage automated methods for inferring consumer sentiment from online reviews and other sources. A system capable of interpreting FL would be extremely beneficial to a wide range of practical NLP applications. In this sense, this chapter aims at evaluating how two specific domains of FL, sarcasm and irony, affect Sentiment Analysis (SA) tools. The study’s ultimate goal is to find out if FL hinders the performance (polarity detection) of SA systems due to the presence of ironic context. Our results indicate that computational intelligence approaches are more suitable in presence of irony and sarcasm in Twitter classification.

This study investigated the figurative language found in Donald Trump’s Inaugural Speech on January 20th, 2025. The aim of this study was to analyze the types of figurative languages and their meanings. The method of this study was descriptive qualitative. The source of data of this study was the inaugural speech of Donald Trump. The data analyzed in this study were the words, phrases, clauses, and sentences containing figurative language. The theory used in this study was M.H. Abrams figurative language theory, and pragmatic and expressive approach to describe the meaning. The finding of this study indicated that there were 23 figurative languages found in the speech. They were personification, hyperbole, metaphor, metonymy, simile and symbolism. Personification was the most frequent figurative language. This study showed that the figurative language used in the speech was to convey ideological messages, appeal emotionally to the audience, and build persuasive narratives. This study will possibly help to enrich learning and understanding of figurative language meaning especially in political discourse.

Figurative and extended uses of language are nonliteral utterances such as irony, sarcasm, and idioms and comprise a core part of social interaction. Children with typical development (TD) show a progressive adultlike understanding of figurative language around the age of ten. In contrast, individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or developmental language disorder often display difficulties with figurative language. However, these difficulties are a puzzle in that the actual underlying causes remain unclear. Those individuals who struggle with understanding figurative language need support through effective interventions. These should be based on solid research findings, which is often problematic as research in this field is characterized by conflicting and incomplete findings. The intention of this study is to conduct a literature review of both available studies and those intervention programs that seek to improve figurative language abilities in these atypical populations. This review will not only provide an overview of available intervention programs but also reveal the research gaps through critically appraising earlier studies. This is done as, in a manner of speaking, research reflects our theoretical understanding of the topic at hand, while interventions reflect the ways in which they are manifested into practice. This will serve to give the reader a more complete overview of the state of knowledge on figurative language and neurodevelopmental disorders. This article may be read for an overview of the field, but it also aims to point out the areas where additional research is needed. For instance, while figurative language takes many forms, there is a disproportionate scholarly focus on metaphors compared to other types. We will ultimately highlight promising approaches and make suggestions for future directions in terms of research and practice.

Figurative language is a language intended to create images, associations, or other effects in the minds of readers or listeners that go beyond the literal meaning of words. Although figurative language is often used to enhance the beauty of a song lyrics, not everyone who listens to a song can comprehend the message being sent. Misunderstanding can result from an improper understanding of figurative language. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the types and meanings of figurative language in a song entitled "Give Me Love" by Ed Sheeran. This study used a descriptive qualitative approach to collect the data and identify the figurative language contained in the lyrics of “Give Me Love”. The data were analyzed using the theory of figurative language by Johnson & Arp (2018) and Knickerbocker & Reninger (1963). The finding of this study shows that "Give Me Love" consists of 7 types of figurative language, namely simile, personification, hyperbole, metaphor, irony, synecdoche, and metonymy. Based on the analysis of the meaning, it can be concluded that figurative language can be used to convey messages in spoken and written form. Figurative language is very important in song lyrics to enhance the beauty of the song and convey the message to listeners.

The purpose of this research is to present the figurative language used in traditional Sikka songs in 2010-2022, there are 20 songs. There are two research problem related of this research that are what are the figurative languages found on traditional Sikka songs in 2010-2022?, And what are the meanings of figurative language found on traditional Sikka songs in 2010 - 2022?. This research also has two objectives of research that are to identify and analyze figurative language on traditional Sikka songs. The researchers used a qualitative descriptive research design to analyze data because the object is in the form of song lyrics. The theory used was from Keraf (2008), about figurative language. The method used in collecting data related to the subject of this research is documentation and interview. The method used in collecting data related to the subject of this research is documentation and interview, because the researchers collected the data from song lyric and interview the meaning of figurative language in Sikka traditional song. The result shows that there were five figurative languages found on traditional Sikka songs. From the data there were simile, personification, metaphor, eponym, and allusion. It can be indicated that the dominant type of figurative language in the song lyric is simile. As a whole, meaning behind this song tells about the life of the Sikka people, who have always maintained peace and harmony since ancient times. And had a message and hope, in which all Sikka people are able to emulate life as it existed in ancient times. It can be concluded that figurative language has important roles in this song lyric. That is why the song writer used so many figurative languages in the lyric.

Grammar, Gesture, and Meaning in American Sign Language by Scott K. Liddell (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. 398 pp. Hardcover, $85.00, paperback, $34.99. ISBN 0- 521816-20-3 [hardcover]. ISBN 0521016509 [paperback]).

This article discusses the paradigm shift taking place in the field of applied linguistics and its impact on research methodology and discoveries. Along with the development of science and technology, paradigms in applied linguistics have undergone significant changes, especially in the way researchers approach linguistic problems and the methodologies used in their research. This paradigm shift includes changes in the understanding of language and communication, as well as the integration of linguistics with other disciplines such as computer science, psychology, anthropology, and neuroscience. This article will discuss how this shift has led to the development of more holistic and interdisciplinary research methodologies, allowing researchers to delve deeper into the complex aspects of language and human communication. In addition, this article will also explain how this paradigm shift has helped produce discoveries that enrich our understanding of language and communication, including its practical applications in areas such as information technology, machine translation, sentiment analysis, and machine learning. Paradigm shifts in applied linguistics are not only affecting the way we understand language but also how we harness it for innovation and advancement in various sectors. As such, this article will detail the paradigm shift in applied linguistics, highlight its impact on changes in research methodology, as well as describe the discoveries that have emerged as a result of these changes. A deeper understanding of this shift can help us design research more effectively and harness the potential of language and human communication in various aspects of modern life.

The paper's goal is to propose a conceptual framework, a “knowledge infrastructure,” demonstrating that social gerontology is at the point of becoming a distinct academic discipline. The various phases of gerontological development that have led to the current stage are outlined. The components of the framework are arranged vertically by three time phases in the development of gerontology, and horizontally by three conceptual foci: individual/micro, contextual/community, and societal/macro. The usefulness of the proposed analytic framework for the transformation of gerontology into a distinct academic discipline is demonstrated. Moreover, the framework might be applicable to other knowledge bases at the same point of development.

Natural language plays a fundamental role in cognition and communication, but in the modern information society, language is increasingly used as a data transmission technology. The study of the problem of language power over thinking is a significant contribution to understanding the nature of language and its relationship with thinking. This article presents an analysis of the peculiarities of M. Foucault’s views on the problem of relationship between language and thinking. The author applies the elements of Foucault’s archaeological approach and studies his concepts in connection with the ideas of other French thinkers. During the analysis, the author formulates her vision of the concepts of power and discourse. The first part of the article considers the understanding of natural language as a complex open sign system that interacts with the outside world and constantly accumulates elements of culture and creativity, from the point of view of philosophy and structural linguistics. The understanding of the division of language into separate discourses is explained. The presentation of the original methodology of Foucault’s language research explains what makes it possible to reveal the peculiarities of the historical development of discourse in the social aspect. Further, Foucault’s views on the role of language in obtaining knowledge and the formation of thinking are reflected, as well as an understanding of the relations of power that the philosopher notices in mental and speech activity of individuals. There follows J. Baudrillard’s criticism of Foucouldian concept of power and the process of language development in society. In conclusion, the author summarizes the analyzed views on power, development of language and thinking as well as Foucault’s understanding of language.