Ideologies of Kemalism reflected in the topical structure of the translated English speech of Recep Tayyip Erdogan

This chapter discusses the use of Topical Structure Analysis (TSA) in assessing the internal coherence of ESL/EFL students’ essays. It assesses students’ essay writings by specifically examining the internal topical structure and its three basic elements: parallel, sequential, and extended parallel progressions. The chapter reports on a study that examines the TSA of 25 argumentative essays written by first-year university students in Arab Academy for Science and Technology and Maritime Transport (AASTMT) in Egypt. The repetition of keywords and phrases is investigated using Lautamatti’s framework for the TSA. The findings of the study reveal that most students employed the parallel progression in developing their topics (37.26%), followed by sequential progression (35.62%), while extended parallel progression was the least employed (27.12%). These findings suggest that EFL students find difficulty in achieving coherence because of their poor lexical resources as EFL learners. It is recommended that instructors use the TSA as a strategy to assess and teach both intermediate and advanced academic writing courses. Consequently, the students’ familiarity with the TSA would contribute to enhancing coherence in their written essays.

In consideration of the need for a heuristic tool which could help learners to handle coherence problems, this study focuses on evaluating the efficacy of instruction in Topical Structure Analysis (TSA) as a revision strategy for EFL learners. The findings show that students receiving instruction in TSA performed better on topical progressions. More proportions and better quality parallel progressions, sequential progressions, and extended parallel progressions were found to contribute to better overall coherence. In addition, students reported positive feedback in terms of learning and applying TSA. Many of them reported that TSA helped them to reorganize their essays and to examine coherence between sentences. In terms of the guidance given by this strategy, TSA allowed students to become more aware of the relations between sentence topics and overall discourse topics. In addition to the positive changes in students' information organization, the results indicate that instruction in TSA contributes to students' awareness of coherent writing as well as motivating them to become more responsible writers. Instead of merely depending on teachers' comments and guidance, students participated in the revising process more actively and were inspired to interpret coherence using a new perspective.

Topical structure in news translation has received relatively little attention despite its stated significance in discourse content and in producing functionally adequate translations. Journalists write news stories with a given structure, order, viewpoint and values, which are “transferred” in translation and affect the way topics are organized. This study explores how shifts in topical development in translation influence rhetorical structure and ultimately news content. Using Lautamatti’s Topical Structure Analysis and Bell’s Event Structure Model, the paper describes the translation strategies applied in (re)producing the source text’s topical and event structures in the target language in a corpus of Hungarian–English news texts (the summary sections of analytical news articles). Results show that while translators generally preserve the sources’ structure in translation, in some cases (e.g. sequential topic progression) significant changes occur, altering the status of some information as well as the event structure, thus producing modified news contents. The paper also examines whether the claim that news translation is influenced by norms similar to those regulating news production more generally applies to this news genre, too. Findings suggest that due to the stereotypical features of this genre, the data only partially support this claim.

This chapter explores the use of critical discourse analysis (CDA) within higher education research. CDA is an approach to studying language and its relation to power, ideology and inequality. Within CDA, texts are not analysed in isolation, but as part of the institutional and discoursal practices in which they are embedded. Within the broad field of educational research, CDA has been increasingly used to explore the relationship between language and society; higher education research appears to be experiencing a similar turn to CDA. The chapter begins with an overview of CDA, outlining its origins, and discussing its position as both a theory and a method. A review of CDA-related higher education research follows. The review aims to show the scope and potential of CDA in the study of higher education. The chapter closes with recommendations for future work to develop and extend the use of CDA within higher education research.

Critical discourse analysis (CDA) examines the relationship between language and power in society. By linking micro, mezzo, and macro environments, examining the impact of language on marginalized communities, and providing a lens for critical reflection, CDA aligns with the frameworks and values of social work as a profession. Yet this method has been underutilized in social work research. This paper provides an orientation for social work scholars seeking to use CDA through discussion of four key “signposts” or decision-making points: 1) theoretical framing and rationale, 2) sampling and data generation, 3) data analysis, and 4) dissemination of findings. Drawing on examples from the authors’ experiences with CDA studies addressing diverse research topics and methodological decisions, this paper offers a wide range of research design strategies for conducting similar projects. Examples are varied in terms of theoretical framing, research questions, data sources, analytic strategies, and audience. They include analyses of neoliberal discourse in refugee policy, discourses of culture in international development research documents, constructions of bisexuality among older women, and representations of intimate partner violence in young adult novels and tweets. Along the way, attention is given to communicating about CDA for social work audiences, particularly those less familiar with the epistemological foundations of CDA and its implications for practice.

This paper provides an example of the use of critical discourse analysis (CDA) in the area of maternity care policy and describes the process of CDA as an effective research method for understanding the influences of change in the context of Australian maternity services. CDA is a methodological approach that examines how discourse is formed and given power, as a result of how power is used, who uses it and the context within which this usage takes place. The application of CDA is described in this study for the purpose of examining key-stakeholder use of knowledge and power for the purpose of influencing the direction of the maternity services reform. The CDA theoretical framework guided discourse identification and analysis of the purpose behind the discourse through examination of power relationships between key stakeholders. The use of a theoretical lens in the form of neoliberalism to supplement the theoretical framework facilitated the exposure of forces intrinsic to the maternity care context driving change.

Topical structure analysis (TSA), a text-based approach to the study of topic in discourse, has been useful in identifying text-based features of coherence. It has also been used to distinguish between essays written by groups of native English speakers with varying degrees of writing proficiency (Witte, 1983a, 1983b). More recently, TSA has distinguished between higher and lower rated ESL essays, but with different results from those found with native speakers of English (Connor & Schneider, 1988). The present study replicated the previous ESL study of two groups of essays written for the TOEFL Test of Written English with three groups of essays. Findings indicate that two topical structure variables, proportions of sequential and parallel topics in the essays, differentiate the highest rated group from the two lower rated groups. We offer explanations for the results and propose that all occurrences of a particular type of topic progression do not contribute equally to the coherence of a text.

There are many factors that influence the translators while translating a text. Amongst these factors is the notion of ideology transmission through the translated texts. This paper is located within the framework of Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS) and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). It investigates the notion of ideology with particular use of critical discourse analysis. The purpose is to highlight the relationship between language and ideology in translated texts. It also aims at discovering whether the translator’s socio-cultural and ideology constraints influence the production of his/her translations. As a mixed research method study, the corpus consists of two different Arabic translated versions of the English book “Media Control” by Noam Chomsky. The micro-level contains the qualitative stage where detailed description and comparison -contrastive and comparative- analysis will be provided. The micro-level analysis should include the lexical items along with the grammatical items (passive verses. active, nominalisation vs. de-nominalisation, moralisation and omission vs. addition). In order to have more reliable and objective data, computed frequencies of the ideological significance occurrences along with percentage and Chi-square formula were conducted through out the data analysis stage which then form the quantitative part of the current study. The main objective of the mentioned data analysis methodologies is to find out the dissimilarity between the proportions of the information obtained from the target texts (TTs) and their equivalent at the source text (ST). The findings indicts that there are significant differences amongst the two TTs in relation to the word choices including the lexical items and the other syntactic structure compared by the ST. These significant differences indicate some ideological transmission through translation process of the two TTs. Therefore, and to some extent, it can be stated that the differences were also influenced by the translators’ socio-cultural and ideological constraints.

This chapter discusses my reflections as a researcher on the use of critical discourse analysis as a research approach for understanding notions of participation within education curriculum materials. It identifies my journey through the process of identifying a suitable approach to explore my research problem, and the chapter begins by presenting the research problem that I sought to explore. The remainder of the chapter has three parts. The first part charts the conceptual and theoretical frame for a research design that meets the dual challenge of being located within a critical paradigm and developing a rigorous research approach to convince bureaucrats who might ordinarily favour quantitative forms of research. The second part of the chapter explores Critical Discourse Analysis as a research approach that met this dual challenge. The design and outcomes of the research process provide a contribution towards making the theoretical practical in terms of critical research approaches. The final part details recommendations for researchers and practitioners interested in using critical discourse analysis to explore participation, identifying possible future directions for environmental and health education research.

This article focuses on the use of critical discourse analysis in ethnographic research on homosexual and transsexual identity in eastern Slovakian Roma settlements. Critical Discourse Analysis offers a methodological and analytical system for handling the identifi cation process of these actors. Using some premises of Norman Fairclough's critical discourse analysis, the author attempts to demonstrate how homosexual and transsexual individuals (labelled using native categories such as homosexaulis, gayos, buzerantos, kerado, or tato) are identified, and how this process of identifi cation is linked to existing social practices. In the analysis the author focuses on analytical issues, including the problem of identifying buzerantos and the semiotic aspects of identification methods that can be observed in the context of conjunctural events of social practice. Other issues the author deals with include how this identification process relates to genre, style and discourse, how subjectivity is involved in discourse, and in what ways members' resources are changing the limits of discourse. The fi nal point analysed is the practice of homosexuality and transsexuality as an alternative discourse type, which challenges the strategies of stigmatisation and changes the classifi cation frames governing what is appropriate or inappropriate.

This presentation will discuss the results from a Sociology Honours research project which used critical discourse analysis to look at the discourses of human trafficking among governmental and non-governmental organizations. This presentation will demonstrate how through the use of critical discourse analysis three main levels of power relations were found, each having significant impacts on the knowledge production around human trafficking. By addressing the commonalities as well as the differences between the governmental and non-governmental organizations, this presentation will also discuss how power relates to the discourses of human trafficking that are most commonly disseminated to the general public, and how this may be problematic in continuing to silence certain groups in society.

Through the use of critical discourse analysis, this study aimed to analyze PRRD’s campaign speeches with the purpose of establishing its discursive patterns. The study employed the descriptive-qualitative design which utilized Critical Discourse Analysis, anchored with Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) by Halliday. Results show the highest frequency of the following lexico-grammatical features: modals will, would, should, and shall; pronoun I (me); and verb tense present simple. Results also reveal that verbal process constitutes the highest in terms of transitivity, while it is positive median politeness for modality. Also, the analysis reveals that the informative, regulatory, and instrumental are the dominant functions of language used by PRRD. Based on the findings, PRRD stressed his campaign speeches with willingness, determination, certainty, and fortitude, with greater involvement of himself; PRRD had gone extra-mile to attack the personalities of the other parties for self-projection and self-promotion, along with the expression of enthusiasm, optimism, and determination to elicit support from the populace; and PRRD focused on neutralizing the asymmetrical power relations that existed between him and the electorate, but with the emphasis of control, and needs of his countrymen. KEYWORDS—Critical Discourse Analysis, Campaign Speeches, Language Functions, Discourse Features, Transitivity, Modality

This study investigates the topical progression in paragraphs written by Filipino ESL students. Data consists of 60 paragraphs lifted from the definition essays that were part of the studentsi portfolios. The paragraphs were analyzed using Lautamattiis topical structure analysis (TSA), which examines the internal topical structure by looking at the repetition of key words and phrases and provides insights into the internal coherence in paragraphs. It was found that parallel progression was most frequently used in the paragraphs, followed by extended and sequential progressions. The extended sequential progression was least used. Writing is a highly complex process for novice and nonnovice writers alike since it involves a host of advanced skills that include critical thinking, logical development, and coherence of ideas. Realizing coherence in written discourse is one major challenge confronting writers, since it is not just a desirable character of a text but a crucial aspect that establishes the oneness of a collection of abstract thoughts. Both novice and non-novice writers can only claim a written text is successful if it is able to found a relation between the writer and reader, and between clauses, sentences, and paragraphs. Coherence is defined by Moore (1971) as ithe rhetorical quality by which all of the parts are clearly and smoothly joined to each otheri (p. 115). Good writing requires logically consistent ideas in order for the writer to compose a coherent piece of discourse that is readable and understandable to whoever the intended audience may be or whatever the writeris purpose may be. According to

In Parliament, problem-solving argumentation calls for several thresholds of proof. This chapter presents the Rhetoric of Parliamentary. The role of such rhetoric is to articulate political motives and legitimize political action. This therefore calls for a review of language use as a concrete display of power: securing political power, challenging it, competing for it, or defending and consolidating it. In socio-historical periods marked by significant paradigm shifts and political polarizations, parliaments have played a decisive role in benchmarking current societal issues and exposing party-political agendas by debating the pros and cons of alternative political solutions. The chapter with the use of critical discourse analysis (CDA) reveals forms of power inherent in this discourse. CDA as a theoretical framework insists that there is no language that is neutral. Thus, CDA unravels unequal power relations, ideological inclinations and hegemony parliamentary discourse of this chapter.

Community psychology has long valued understanding the contextual issues that maintain social problems. The present study demonstrates the use of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to examine the discursive context surrounding the issue of human trafficking. CDA was used to understand the ways that local stakeholders in Hawai‘i (N = 13) described the issue of human trafficking. Human trafficking is well suited for this type of analysis because it is a controversial phenomenon, surrounded by highly politicized rhetoric. Results showed that participants tended to use different combinations of discourses related to labor, immigration, sex, gender, children, and consent to discuss human trafficking. Discourses on consent were found to be key areas of contention in most constructions of human trafficking, with many participants painting trafficked persons as having limited ability to consent to their situation. Groups that are complicit in benefiting from trafficking offenses were rarely named. The implications of obscuring the complicity of those in power while casting vulnerable groups as one‐dimensional victims are discussed.